CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study Language is the most important means of
communication of human beings.
By using language, people are
able to communicate and to cooperate with others.
People use language as the medium
of expressing ideas, feeling, and thoughts.
Moreover, Samsuri (1967:41)
states that language is always used by human beings in their activities and it describes
feeling, attitude, emotion, behavior and familiarity.
Language can be used in two ways;
spoken and written. Spoken language is conversation
process through interaction directly, such as dialogue, conversation via telephone, etc. Written language can be
done by using a set of tools such as by letters,
novels, cards, books, and internet computer. Lannon (1983:3) explains that the general purpose of all writing, any
writing is to communicate a useful message;
the writer must be able to express ideas clearly in order to make the readers understand what they mean.
One of many forms of written
language is from magazine. A magazine usually
consists of many sentences and paragraphs. Paragraph is a group of sentences that has one main idea inside while
a sentence is; a word or group of words
that a complete thought and contains both a subject and a predicate (Bornstein, 1977:245). Also, Laurel (2000:167)
defines that a sentence is composed of
words and phrases which are groups of words forming a coherent group.
Sentence has three forms, namely
positive sentence, negative sentence, and interrogative sentence. A positive sentence usually
states something is true or correct
while a negative sentence is opposite; states something is not true or incorrect. This sentence usually is added by
the word not after the first auxiliary verb in the positive sentence.
Then, an interrogative sentence
is a type of sentence which usually asks a question and uses a question mark
(?). They may ask for information or for confirmation or denial of a statement. Also,
they typically begin with a question word
such as what, who, or how, or an auxiliary verb such as do/does, can or would. There are three types of interrogative
sentences; they are yes/no interrogatives,
wh- interrogatives, and alternative interrogatives.
One of magazines that would be
analyzed by the researcher is Kangguru magazine.
Kangguru magazine is an English magazine that is published every three month on March, June, September and
December. This magazine can be gotten by
sending a mail via post office or sending an email via internet because it is free for everyone and should not be sold
for profit. Moreover, in this magazine have
many interesting rubrics such as Idioms Inggris and Quick Fix, Funny Food, The Australia Indonesia Partnership, Kang Guru
in the Classroom, Entertainment, etc.
To know the relationship the
class of words (noun, adjective, adverb, etc.) in a sentence, the researcher uses syntactic
analysis. Syntax is a branch of linguistics which studies the rules or patterned relations
that govern the way words combine to form phrases and phrases combine to form
the sentences. Syntax is also the
important aspect in arranging words and sentences, because a sentence is the basic unit of syntactic analysis
(Bornstein, 1977:48).
In syntax analysis, there are two
ways and types that can be used to analyze the sentences. The two types are tree diagrams
and Chinese boxes while the two ways are
surface structure and deep structure. Tree diagrams is a sentence analysis by using internal hierarchical structure of
sentences as generates by set of rules proposed
by Diane Bornstein while Chinese boxes is the explanation unit by enclosing each ultimate constituent of a
larger unit proposed by Nelson Francis.
Moreover, surface structure is
one of the ways to analyze a sentence based on the form while the other ways, deep structure, to
analyze a sentence based on the meaning
or the content.
Therefore, to explain the
sentence patterns in Kangguru Magazine, the researcher uses Diane Bornsteins tree diagram
theory. Diane Bornsteins tree diagram is a two-dimensional diagram used in
generative grammar as a convenient means
of playing the internal hierarchical structure of sentences as generated by a set of the rules. Besides, it
is taught to English students especially in linguistics, tree diagram is able to see at
glance the sentence patterns of a magazine
hierarchically (Finch, 1998:107).
Furthermore, it helps us in
understanding the ambiguous sentences to make clear sentences, as the example in the
sentence John painted the car in the garage. This sentence has a case of
ambiguity so that it has some of interpretation.
The first interpretation can mean John painted the car that is in the garage
(in the garage modifying car), or the second one, can mean John did the
painting of the car in the garage (in the garage modifying painted). From the
examples above can be concluded when a surface structure relates to more than one deep structure, we would have a case
of ambiguity (Bornstein, 1977:37).
As a result, to determine the
syntactic patterns in Kangguru magazine, the researcher decides to use Diane Bornsteins
theory of tree diagram because it is able
to see at glance the syntactic patterns of the sentence and know the class of words (noun, adjective, adverb, etc) clearly
in negative and interrogative sentences
so that we would be easier to see the parts (phrases) and subparts (parts of
speech) of the sentences.
Actually, the previous
researchers have already conducted the study in the same field, such as Rachmawati (2003), who
analyzes A Syntactic Analysis on Sentence
Patterns Used in David Fosters Songs. She found nineteen sentence patterns of all lines in every stanza of David
Fosters songs. Lutfiani (2006), who investigates A Syntactic Analysis on Kelly
Clarksons Songs by Using Tree Diagram. She found eleven sentence patterns of
Kelly Clarksons songs, and Amri (2008), who analyzes Surface Structure Analysis
in Kangguru Magazine by Using Diane
Bornsteins Tree Diagram Theory. In his thesis, he found twenty three sentence patterns of nominal and verbal
sentences in Kangguru magazine on June
2006 edition.
The previous researchers just
focus on surface structure of the sentence, while the researcher analyzes surface
structure and deep structure of the sentence.
Surface and deep structure
analysis is very important because this analysis is needed in knowing the patterns of the
sentence. Moreover, deep structure analysis is so needed because it is still limited.
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