CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Language is one aspect of culture. It
expressed the human who use the culture.
Linguistic is one of element of
culture. If we analyze and describe about language, automatically we must analyze and describe of
culture. No one can be separeted from language.
It holds an important sociocultural in human life, and it is always used in every activities of human life. Tarigan
(987:6) explained that language is the principal modality of human communication and as a tool
to convey human activities in the term
of communication.
Sumarlam (2004:173) states that
cohession is semantic relation between one element in the text and some other element
that is crucial for its interpretation. This other element must also be found within the
text. Cohesion refers to the range of publisities
that exist for linking something with what has gone before. Without cohesion the sentence system cannot be
effectively activated all.
Hassan and Halliday (1976) in
their website, www://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ cohesion_ (linguistics), state that cohesion is the grammatical and
lexical relationship within a text or
sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. It is related to the
broader concept of coherence. Further Hassan and Halliday (1976) said that kinds of
relationship refer to reference, including lexical cohesion and conjunction.
Then
Halliday and Hassan (1976:298-299) say that cohesion is a necessary though not sufficient condition for the
creation of a text. What creates text i
textual or text forming, components of
linguistic system, of which cohesion is one part. The sentence of a text, however, are related to
each other with substantively and by cohesion,
and it is a characteristic of a text that the sequence of the sentence can not
be disturbed without destroying or
altering the meaning radically. Within a text, the meaning of each sentence depends on its
environment, including its cohesive relations with other sentences.
Cahyono (1995:231) states about
cohesion in the context of linguistic follows: “Teks biasanya memiliki struktur tertentu.
Struktur itu juga ditentukan oleh kelengkapan
struktur kalimat, sebagian faktor yang menentukan kelengkapan struktur kalimat itu diberikan dalam kohesi. Kohesi
adalah ikatan-ikatan dan hubunganhubungan yang ada dalam teks.” (Texts usually
have certain structure. The structure is also determined by the completeness of
sentence structure. Some of the factor determining
the completeness of sentence structure is given in the form of cohesion.
Cohesion is the ties and
ulationship found in the texts).
According with Cahyono’s
statements, writer should know that the analysis of the cohesive relation will give us a clear
view how the speaker conveys his ideas.
Besides, we would know what his
conveyence is in good speaking or not.
Furthermore, the meaning of cohesion (Halliday 1994:170)
refers to the sources within language
that provide continuity in a text, above and over that is provided by clause structures and clause
complexes. Therefore, cohesive relations are non-structural relations which help the text
to be understood together.
Lexical
cohesion refers to the relationship between or among word in a text. It is concerned with the content words and
primarily related to that field. The field is discovered through the content words within a
text. This field tends to have specialized
vocabularies and tend to engage in specialized activities.
Hassan (1984:320) presents five
categories of general lexical cohesion: 1.
Repetition / Re-iteration (including inflection and derivation).
Repetition is the act or process
instance of repeating or being repeated.
Example: Rebecca is in the race on Saturday. Everyone
believes that she will win the 2. Synonymy (similarity of meaning) race.
Synonymy is a word having the
same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language.
For example: They are taken to
the clinic - they are taken to the
hospital 3. Antonimy (opposite or
contrastive meaning) .
Antonymy is a word having a
meaning opposite that of another word.
For examples: Wet season
- dry 4. Hyponymy (classes /
super ordination and subclasses / is a type of) season Hyponymy is relation
between two words in which the meaning of one of the words
includes the meaning of another words.
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