CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1.
Background of Study.
According
to Newmark (1988),
translation is a
process of rendering
the meaning of a text into
another language in the way that the author intended. When reflecting
to Newmark’s perspectives
of translation, it
easily seen that
the core of translating is
the process of
understanding meaning. Understanding
meaning could help people to understand another language as
well since whether the construction of both
language is different, but similarly, both of language contain meanings.
How important meaning in a communication
really? According to Husserl,” Being meaningful is essential
to linguistic expression”. (Husserl
2008:12). Husserl outlines
that linguistic expressions
are objects due
to their meanings
or more precisely through the agency of a peculiar
intention that bestows meaning upon them.
Regarding
to Husserl’s point
of meaning, we
may see that
we absolutely read a
meaning
printed into books
or texts or
uttered by speakers.
No matter how
the language comes to us, but the
core of men’s problem when having a conversation or reading a book is to catch the meaning, not to
catch the words or the units. On this point, Husserl
stresses on the
importance of meaning.
He describes clearly
that meaning is one aspect
of language. When someone is not
able to catch the meaning in our
language, then the language will fall to vain.
It is obviously understood that meaning
entirely holds all the understanding in a
man’s conversation. Without
its existence, human’s communication would
go nothing and end in absurdity.
“My reading ends when I don’t know the word means”.
That short statement describes clearly that it
is really essential to get the meaning in an
utterance by pretending how
the meaning goes to
us, whether in
an abstract or concrete meaning. “Being
meaningful is really essential in a linguistic expression”.
In linguistics, meaning is deeply studied by using semantics
theories. According to Locke, semantics
is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning. In studying meanings, semantics deals with prior
types of expression and not focus on the
properties of speakers’ utterance. It means semantics study focuses to observe
a construction of
each sentence and then
after observing it,
the meaning included
in could be found. Hence, when
doing a study of meaning by using semantics approach, recognizing the units of language that
constructs a text is the first step that should be done.
Those units could be
phonemes, syllable, morphemes,
and words and so on.
They are some of units of language that
involved in building a text.
After reviewing the critical role of meaning
in understanding languages, it is easily
said that people’s communication may work if the speakers could catch up the meanings contained in those language. Yet, the
problem which is appeared here, how do
people catch up the meaning if people
cannot figure out the meaning? In
solving this problem, a translation
theory is proposed as a way out in bridging this gap. The translation
proposes a theory
to figure out
a foreign language
and it is
started by analyzing, transferring, and ultimately
reconstructing the source language into target language.
In
the west, from
antiquity to the
late nineteenth century
theoretical statements about
translation fell into
traditionally define areas
of thinking about language and
culture: literary theory
and criticism, rhetoric,
grammar, philosophy.
And the
most frequently cited
theorists comprise a
fairly limited group.
One such catalogue
might include: Cicero,
Horace, Quintilian, Augustin,
Jerome, Dryden, Goethe,
Schleiermacher, Arnold Nietzsche.
Twentieth-century
translation theory reveals
a much a
much expanded range
of fields and
approaches reflecting the differentiation of modern culture: not only varieties of linguistics, literary criticism, philosophical
speculation, and cultural
theory, but experimental
studies and anthropological fieldwork, as well as
translator training and translation practice.
After reviewing the old perspectives of
translation in West, then, this present thesis
walks on a
definition from Catford
in Nababan (1999:
19) “Penerjemahan sebagai proses penggantian suatu teks bahasa
sumber dengan teks bahasa sasaran.
Dia
juga mengartikan penerjemahan
sebagai penggantian materi
teks bahasa bahasa
sumber dengan materi teks bahasa sasaran”. Due of the opinion, it may be concluded that translation is the process of
transferring a meaning from SL to TL by regarding
the style and the form of the language. Keeping the style and the form of the translation text is intended to maintain
the message included in it. If the translator succeeds to maintain the meaning in the
process of translating, then there will be no lost message to the readers of translation
result.
Based on that issue, it is easily seen that maintaining the form and stylistic in transferring
meaning is really
important to make
a good translation.
In other word maintaining
the form and
stylistic is named
as the equivalence
effect. Equivalent effect is an important intuitive principle
could be tested but, as is often the
case, the research would not be worth
the effort: however, it is usefully applied in reasonable discussion, particularly within the “skill”
(as opposed to the ‘truth’, the ‘art’
and the ‘test’) area of language. A translation
is pre-eminently a
matter for discussion
rather than fiat.
Too often it is still being
imposed as a teacher’s ‘fair copy’ or model. In fact, the simplest sentence-
‘the gorgeous girl walked gingerly through the closet’- would, in or in
spite of
any context, be
translated variously by
a dozen experts
in a dozen
different language).
Regarding
that issue, it
can be seen
that it is
really important to
keep maintaining the
transferring meanings from
SL to TL.
Through maintaining the meaning,
the readers will not meet vagueness when reading the translation result and the original text. The vagueness appears
because of misinterpreting the source text.
As stated above that when the translator
misinterprets the meaning intended in the SL then the translation result in TL will fall in
same mistake as well.
The misinterpretation in equivalence often
occurs in cultural terms. It often happens
since the cultural terms are sometimes delivered in very specific language so the very specific terms could be found in
target language. In avoiding this problem, the
translator should know
the theory of
equivalence since through
knowing this theory;
the translator will
easily find an
ultimate solution in
translating the very specific
cultural terms.
This
thesis deals with
the equivalence theory
since this present
analysis is going to analyze is the Indonesia’s
cultural internet website which is written in two languages
(bilingual). Since this
site is closely
related to the
culture of a
certain place, then it can
be easily concluded
that most words in
this site is related to the
cultural
terms. The reason
for choosing this
cultural site are
this site is
providing complete information
about culture which is written in two languages. Besides, the information
contained in this
site is also
in various ways.
There are many
menus offered by
this site to
make the visitor
of this seat
have many choices
in reading article. This site is also enriched with
updated news about something happens in
our society.
Another
reason that makes
this site is
pointed to be
analyzed is this
site closely stands with people.
As a cultural site owned by the
government this site is fully
dedicated to the
society. Through its
existence, this site
could help people to understand more about their culture. Based
on the reason it can be concluded that
this site is mostly read by the society.
Therefore through the discussion of equivalence in translation in this analysis it hopefully
gives a significant help to the readers of this site in understanding the translation of the
terms.
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