CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Analysis
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as
communicated by a speaker and interpreted
by a listener. It has consequently more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words
or phrase in those utterances might mean by themselves. Pragmatics is the study of the
relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.
The advantage of studying
language via pragmatics is that one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their
purpose or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak.
The facts with which pragmatics
deals are of various sorts. The fact is about beliefs of the speaker and those to whom he speaks to,
the conversation they are engaged in, the focus of the conversation, and the topic that they
are talking about.
Implicatures are primary examples
of more being communicated than is said, but in order for the implicature to be interpreted,
some basic cooperative principle must first be assumed to be in operation. The concept of
more being an expected amount of information provided in conversation is just one aspect of
the more general idea that people involved in a conversation will be cooperative with each
other.
Grice (1975:39) observes that
conversational implicatures are generally connected to what is said rather than the way it is said,
so that it is possible to find another way of saying the same thing, which simply lacks the
implicature in question. Grice thus used nondetachability as a test of conversational
implicature. Grice’s arguments on behalf of the speaker’s intentions have an obvious bearing
on some perennial questions in literary theory.
In most circumstances, the
assumption of cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative principle of
conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles, called maxims.
A number of other generalized
conversational implicatures are commonly communicated on the basis of a scale of values
and are consequently known as scalar implicatures.
Certain information is always communicated by choosing a word which expresses one value from a scale values.
Example: Coriander
: Who are you running away from?(34) Bastian
: Just some kids from school.(35) By choosing the word ‘some in the example
above, the speaker creates an implicature (+> not all). The basis of the scalar
implicature is that, when any form in a scale is asserted, the negative of all forms higher on the scale
is implicated. The terms are listed from the highest to the lowest value. The first scale
had ‘all’, ‘most’, and ‘many’, higher than ‘some’.
In contrast to the conversational
implicatures, conventional implicatures are not based on the cooperative principle or the maxims.
Conventional implicatures are associated with specific words used. The English conjunction
‘but’ is one of these words. The interpretation of any utterance of the type p but q will be
based on the conjunction p and q plus an implicature of ‘contrast’ between the
information in p and the information in q.
Example: Mary suggested black, but I choose white.
The
fact that ‘Mary suggested black’ (=p) is contrasted, via the conventional implicature of ‘but’, with my choosing white
(=q).
As we know that most of the
people in the world love movies such as humor, scary, action, drama, love, war, or others. Movie is
a project or story made of humans that recorded by a camera and then shown in a television. It
can express someone’s thought and meaning sense. But sometimes, there are some conversations of the movie
that make someone confused of the speaker’s statement.
In a movie, many utterances have
differentmeaning. Therefore we might know what the conversational purposes are. Beside that,
understanding the meaning of conversation is needed by viewer in order to avoid
misunderstanding.
This study is concerned with
investigating the meanings and the implicatures that might appear in the film script of ‘The
Neverending Story’ written by Michael Ende. The Neverending Story, a 1984 German epic fantasy
film is based on the novel of the same name written by Michael Ende. With the
existence of some implicatures that appeared in the script, the writer feels interested in studying deeper
about the implicatures for the shake of clarity about meaning implied in sentence or
conversation. Sinceimplicatures that often appears in film possibly will not be understood by the
movie goers.
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