CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study As human
being, we live in society. As we know thatbetween language and society has strong relationship. Wardaugh
(2002: 1) stated that language is product
of society. A society is any group of people who are drawn together for a certain purpose or purposes, and a language is
whatthe members of particular society
speak. Thus, it is clear for us that language and society are inseparable each other. In society, language is used to
communicate, talk to each other, as a symbol,
etc.
According to Hutchby and Wooffitt
(1998:1) “talk isa central activity in social
life.” When we begin to talk, we must think about how to convey a message as a good as possible because as it influences
our relation with other. People like talking
to someone who is nice and make us enjoy when we have a conversation.
Because we live in society, we
need to communicate with others to convey a message, our feeling, our thougt, to talk each
other and make a good relation with many
people.
According to Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary, conversation is usually
informal talk, especially one involving a small group of people or only two. It means that in conversation, there must
be a speaker/s and a listener/s in order
to a conversation is actively and go smoothly. Coulthard (1977: 59) stated that one of the basic facts of conversation is
the roles of speaker and listener change,
and this occurs with remarkably little overlapping speech and remarkably few silences. Those statement showed that a
speaker/s and a listener/s must cooperate
to each other in order to a conversation is successful. One of the ways to do is by knowing the turn taking strategies
in conversation.
According to Stenstrom (1994: 4),
a turn is everything the current speaker
says before the next speaker takes over. Turn taking means that the speaker gives a chance to listener, who will
be thenext speaker, to give a comment of
what the speaker says and this is repeating process in the conversation (Levinson, 1983: 292). From those
explanation, we can conclude that turn
taking is the changing role of the speaker and the listener. If there is no cooperation between the speaker and the
listener, it is cannot called turn taking.
People need to know when and for
how long they haveto speak to avoid monopolizing
talk. In order to know it, people needto understand some common srategies for taking, holding onto, and
relinquishing ‘the floor’. According to Mutiara
(2006), turn taking strategies are the waysto change and manage the roles in conversation whether becomes speakers or
listeners. In order to have turn taking
go smoothly, the speaker and the listener need to give cues, signal, etc. For example: one way that speakers signal a
finished turn is to drop the pitch volume of their voice at the end of an utterance.
According to Hilder and Winter
(2007: 207), in our everyday use of conversation
we generally pay more attention to thecontent than to the organisation of conversation. But casual
conversation has a structure, is highly organised
and rule-bound. The rules work to ensure relatively smooth, clear and minimally interrupted interaction but are
necessarily sensitive to take account of the demands of the particular conversation.
Because of this reason, the researcher think
that it is important to analyze the turn taking strategies.
Turn taking is a complicated
problem in a conversation (Mutiara, 2006).
It happens when someone (the
speaker) wants the listener to wait for a while, so the speaker can keep on talking about his/ her
ideas. Sometimes, a speaker stops speaking,
the listener does not know how to response and silence will occur. And in any cases, in doing a conversation, we can
not expect that someone will speak all
the time but in other time is the chance for someone else to take turn for
speak (Traught and Pram as cited in
Mutiara, 2006). Thesereasons show how complicated
turn taking strategies are and it also plays an important role in the conversation.
There is other phenomenon in
conversation. When a speaker in his/ her speaking, but then he/ she finds difficulty in
continuing his/ her speaking, but in the
other hand, the speaker still wants to speak, the speaker will use filled
pauses and verbal fillers or lexical
repetition, etc. For example: “...and I think it is better if you use-a- - another book in order to get a
valid data.” From those example, we can
conclude that we need to have a strategy in order to our conversation are successful.
Based on Stenstrom theory (1994:
68), there are three turn taking strategies,
those are: taking the turn strategies, holding the turn strategies, and yielding the turns strategies. Taking the turn
strategies is a strategy in which a person
takes his/her turn. It happens when two or more people join together in a conversation, there is a person who takes the
firstturn, until the first speaker has finished
with his/her talk, the other person will take the turn. Taking the turn may involve starting up, taking over, and
interruption.Holding the turn strategies is a strategy in which the speaker carries on
talking. It happens when the speaker can not control or hold the turns all the time
because it is quite difficult to plan what to say at the same time. And yielding the turn
strategies is a strategy in which the speaker
gives away the turn rather reluctantly, butusually the speaker will yield the turn without much protesting. The speaker
mightappeal to the listener for a response.
There are some reasons why turn
taking strategies is analyzed. Firstly, turn
taking is related to the use of language in discourse since it refers to the
way in which language used in
conversation on certain context, on certain purpose or by certain person. Moreover, this research
uses Conversational Analysis approach that
is more emphasize on what can actually found to occur rather than on predictions of what could or should or might
occur.(Hilder and Winter, 2007: 209) Secondly, the researcher wants to show to the
readers how are the strategies in turn
taking, so that they have more understanding and knowledge about the turn taking strategies and can
applied itin their daily life in order to get easy of conversation as social being. They do
a conversation in their daily life to talk
to each other, to get an information, to have a relationship, etc. And finally,
their conversation will go as smooth as
possible and have a good relation with others.
In this case, the researcher
selects turn taking strategies used in the movie. Because we can learn something or get
knowledge not just from book, but from
experience, journal, newspaper, magazine and also from movie. The reseacher chooses the movie entitled “The
Pursuit of Happyness” because the story
of the movie is very interesting. The movie based on the true strory of Chris Gardner. The Pursuit of Happyness is a 2006
American biographical film directed by
Gabriele Muccino about the on-and-off-homeless salesman-turned-stockbroker Chris Gardner. For his performance Will Smith received
an Academy Award nomination for Best
Actor and a Golden Globe nomination.
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