CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study,
statement of the problems, objectives of
the study, significance of the study,scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Study of language has been discussed for over
2000 years by many linguists in the
world such how human being comes to have it, how they used in the society, and how it changes and develops
are being included. It is because language
appears to be a unique human attribute that other species have not. Even language is a fundamental aspect in every
human activity. As Wardhaugh said (1985:29)
language is a fundamental aspect of humanlife. To communicate and establish relationship with other, people use
language as tool of their communication.
Thereby through language, human express their feeling, idea, thought, and whatever exists in mind. It means
whatever in our mind can be reflected by
the language we use. While language isnot limited only in written it can be expressed by spoken. Spoken language is
an utterance in the form of sound. For
example conversation, speech, discussion, radio, and television broadcast.
The rule of language is not only
as tool of communication but also it is used
to persuade and influence people to do something. Human used varieties of style in different situation in order to get
most effective attention from the listener.
Even human use different style.
Guth (1975:1) said that good speaker will get a success on their aim depend on how well people
use a words, how they talk to other,
what they say to a dissatisfied person, and how well they understand what they are told to do. In other word, he argued
that in making communication people have
to use various way or stylistic language to make our message receivable by other people.
Speaking style in speech is
studied in sociolinguistics, which focuses on the characteristic of linguistic variables
within discriminative contexts so that the principles of linguistic selections made by
particular individuals and communities can
be established.
Speech style is related with the
content of speech,the activity of conversation,
the emotion of speaking and the emphasized object. With different speech content, we get different style.
Moreover, style plays a large
part in how we communicate with each other.
When we communicate with someone, we will choose a particular style which is suitable with the context. For
instance, we expect our teachers to communicate
with us in ways that different from other friends. An additional example; we most likely communicate with a
police officer or public official much
differently than we would a family member. So,clearly the style we use to communicate is based upon components of
communication.
Furthermore, Hymes in Wardough
(1986) points out several factors of people
choosing a style in communication. Those factors are setting, participants, end, act sequence, key, instrument, norm of
interaction, norm of interpretation and genre.
Another expert, Grosjean, also mention several factors but actually those factors are similar. They are only different
in terms but Hymes mentions the factors
in detail and more complex.
The description above shows that
language and communication correlate each
other. It is because language functions as a means of communication to maintain social relationship. Through language
human beings can convey ideas and
feelings, exchange information, as well as interact and cooperate with others.
It is in accordance with the
interactional view of language. Language is seen as a “vehicle for the realization of interpersonal
relations and for the performance of social
transactions between individuals” (Richards,1992:17). In addition, Rahardjo (2002:50) states that language is a
code system and symbol which is made and
used by collected community members, and is based on the agreement in the form utterances. From this definition
we know that in interaction with others,
someone will choose the appropriate style to make the communication runs smoothly.
Speech style is very interesting
to be studied since everyone does not always
speak in exactly the same way. There are ways people use speech style in a communication. People possess themselves in
relation to other with the way they talk
in different kinds of interaction.
Basically, the holy qur’an has
showed this phenomena if we pay attention to it very much. These phenomena are in the
styles of God convey his messages through
the verses of makky and madany. To illustrate it let us see the following verses; Al-Lahab and An-Nur.
Al-Lahab is one of the verses of
makky and An-Nur is one of the verses of madany. Through these two surah, we get
different style. Al-Lahab consists of short
verses. On the contrary, An-Nur consists of long verses. Al-Lahab is about the stoty of Abu Lahab. Weather An-Nur is
about therule.
From multilingual context, it is
possible that languages influence each other.
Such this condition happens since the necessities of intercourse which bring speakers of one language contact with those
neighboring dominant languages directly
or indirectly. It can bring a certain style in a communication.
The researcher chooses Pesantren
Putri Al-Mawaddah since it is a special place which has rule of using
multilingual language; English and Arabic, in their daily conversation. This Pesantren is
established to meet the need of good and
quality human resources. It is designed as the center for language learning (English and Arabic). Consequently, all
students have to speak these two languages
in every day. There are two levels in English program, namely lower intermediate and upper intermediate. Lower
intermediate is aimed at giving understanding
and mastering English vocabulary and grammar as well as ability to speak English. Whereas upper intermediate is
aimed to enable students to read and listen
English properly.
This study has relation to other
researchers that have done by Niswatul Muthoharoh
(2002), who focused on the English oral style of broadcaster in RRI Malang. She found out many styles used by the
broadcaster. The dominant styles are
clarity, concreteness, restatement, conversational tone which is used to make their listener understand. Nurul Ilmiatus
Sholikha (2003), who focused on the Language
style used by military members of Kompi Panser 31 Sidoarjo. She found out formal style is used in serious
sentence based on the rule of military.
Another one is Dwi Winarni
(1998), who focused on Dicknes’ language and style in “Oliver Twist”. She found out that dickens
tend to use simple vocabulary both in
the language and the style in his effort to depict Oliver’s and Fagin’s
character traits and condition. This
study focuses on the speech styles form its linguistic features, namely lexical or diction and
conversation grammar which are applied by
multilingual speakers who stay in Pesantren Putri Al-Mawaddah .
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