CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of background of the
study, problem of the study, objective
of the study, significance of the study, scope, and limitation, and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study People as human beings created by God have
strengths and weaknesses. One of the
weaknesses is making errors. People as humanbeing are inseparable from making error. As our prophet, Muhammad saw.
stated clearly in Hadits: ( Meaning: From Ibnu Abbas r a; Prophet Muhammad saw
said; in truth Allah forgives my
followers mistake, careless and its affects. (Ibnu Majjah and Baihaqi).
The sentence above shows that
making errors is a natural characteristic or feature of human being given by God to His
creature. It means that making error cannot
be avoided by every person in his or her daily life.
People can make errors in
different ways. For example, when they are talking and communicating with each other. In
speaking, people use language as a tool
of communication. On the contrary, people can make errors in using structure of certain language because of some factors.
This is so because every language has
certain roles or structure as component.
In foreign language learning process,
making errorscannot be avoided by learners
to acquire the target language. The learners face new rules of the target language whose different rules with their
native language roles. The phenomenon usually
can be found clearly when we listen to dialogue programs on the radio, such as type of speech blunder at one point or
another, in one language or another ( we
call speech errors). In line of this, Poulisse (1999) stated that speech error
is often occurred in the second language
rather than first language. Sometimes feeling
nervous and anxious often leads to an errorin speaking. For example, filled pause, repeats or slips of the tongue
can cause misunderstanding between the
speaker and listener. Rahardjo (2004:1) states that in doing any communication people always try to get mutual
understanding because bad communication
can lead to a complete break down in relationship, and cause misunderstanding that often lead to a conflict
between elements in social structure.
Dardjowidjojo (2003:142) says
that everybody wants to speak very fluently
without any mistakes or errors. The sentences are well arranged, without any pauses, or if so. It is just found in
certain constituents that are possible to be paused. However, such kind of ideal utterances
cannot always be made. We often find
someone makes many mistakes on grammar and pronunciation or even the speaker, sometimes, pauses his or her speech
for a while because of being nervous or
other causes. For example, person wants to say "noble sons of toil",
but he says "noble ton of
soil". Such error in psycholinguistics – a study of language related to human mental – these kind errors, are
called speech error or slips of the tongue, occur regularly in normal conversation.
According to Dell (1986), speech
errors can be in the form of sound errors, morpheme errors, and word errors. Sound Errors
are accidental interchanges of sounds
between words (glossary). Thus, "snow flurries" might become "flow
snurries.” Morpheme Errors are
accidental interchanges of morphemes between words. Thus, "self-destruct
instruction" might become "self-instruct destruction.” Word Errors are accidental transpositions of
words.Thus "Writing a letter to my mother"
might become "Writing a mother to my letter.” Although such errors may be funny (to the listener) or embarrassing and
frustrating (to the speaker), they also
provide indirect evidence for the units, stages, and cognitive computation involved in production.
Maclay and Osgood (in Clark and
Clark, 1997) introduce nine types of common
speech errors: silent pause, filled pause, stutters, correction, interjection, false start (unretraced), false start
(retraced), repeat, and slips of the tongue.
Carroll (1986: 129) says that an
error in speaking happens when the speaker
is nervous, or under stress. Furthermore, he says that it seems probable that errors are more likely to occur when we
are tired, anxious or drunk. Speech errors
are often found in daily conversation that made by Indonesian people when they use Indonesian language as the first
language.Moreover, when they use foreign
language, there will be found many speech errors they made because they have to think more about structure of the
language and the pronunciation.
Such as slips of the tongue, one
kind of speech errors, in fact often happens
in the second language (L2) rather than thefirst language (L1). Poulisse (1999) observed that one would readily
anticipate amuch higher occurrence of slips
of the tongue in L2. Most people would guess twice as many or perhaps even five times as many slips in L2. His guess was
around 10 times more slips in L2 than in
L1. The comparisons of the errors are 137 slips in the L1 and 2000 slips in L2. Many L2 slips are based on L1; hence, it
is notsurprisingly, that L1 influences
L2 speech production. Particularly, the case with less proficient L2 speakers: the less proficiency, the more slips
of the tongue.
The researcher chooses MAS FM
radio station, as theobject of the study because MAS FM has a good English program that
is "Groovy Chat" which is guided
in English by the broadcaster. This program aims at improving the English ability of the people around Malang. Besides
that, it conducts English community gathering.
The members of MAS FM English community always gather once every month to discuss and have conversation
in English.
The “Groovy Chat” program is very
interesting and educational program for
everyone who wants to learn and develop his or her English. Here, the broadcaster gives a certain topic in every
broadcast and sometimes invites the special
guest to let the listener argue or propose his or her opinions about the topic through telephone call in English. Lestari
(2006: 35) who observed on the discourse
analysis of “English Chat” program on radio MAS FM found that this program involved more audiences compared with
the other English programs, such as
Voice of America (VOA) and British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which were broadcasted by other radio stations
and mostly about news.
The broadcasters of “Groovy Chat”
program are the persons, whom are able
to speak English well, but the phenomenon of speech errors still often occurred when guides the ‘Groovy Chat”
program. Thecallers usually are the member
of MEC (MAS FM English Club) that gather every month to practice their English, but speech errors cannot be
avoided by them. The speech error they have
made causes miscommunication, and misunderstanding between speakers, and audiences got wrong information, in the
other side, the audiences or the listeners
expect to get the mutual understanding and clear information. For these reasons, the researcher chose this program to
analyze.
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