CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the
study, problem of the study, objective of the study, significance of the study,
scope and limitation of the study, and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study This
study investigates an illocutionary act performed as a result of the speaker’s
utterances, such as answering, informing, disagreeing, greeting, congratulating,
and explaining. Illocutionary acts are characterized by reference to certain
types of effects that actions may have. Illocutionary acts are constituents of social
practices; it is an action that has effect to the audience. Austin (1962:121) recognized
the first point when he said that illocutionary act can be brought off non-verbally.
Renkema (1993:22) defines illocutionary act as the act which is committed by
producing utterance, by uttering a promise, a promise is made by uttering a
threat, and a threat is made.
Meanwhile, Edmondson (1980: 30)
defines “illocutionary acts which are viewed as an utterance by means of which
speaker communicate his feelings, attitudes, beliefs, or intentions with
respect to some events or states of affair”. It means that illocutionary acts
are performances of which speaker communicates something to the hearers to do
something like what the speaker’s utterances and it gives
some effects to the hearers. An illocutionary act communicates a speaker to negotiate
conversational outcomes. The sense in which we use the term illocution is not
identical to the way this term is commonly used in Speech act theory.
Study on illocutionary acts has
been done by several researchers, for example Handayani (2004) who focused on
the illocutionary acts used by transsexual people in Malang. She found that
there are assertive acts, directive acts, commissive acts and expressive acts.
The most assertive act performed in this finding is complaining act, the
example: Merlyn said:”Opo’o bar. It is complaining act because she tries to
complain why volley ball playing finished.
Another relevant study, Azizah
(2005) focused on the speech acts used by Aa Gym in his preach. The findings
are Aa Gym’s preaches have locutionary act, illocutionary acts, and
perlocutionary acts. In the case of illocutionary acts there are asserting,
concluding, complaining, claiming, reporting, and suggesting. The example
“Pokoknya Bapak” has context: if we want to change other’s behavior, we have to
be brave to change our self. First, none can change him till he is brave to
evaluate himself firstly. This utterance has the illocutionary act of
commanding and advising as it contains advice about something should do.
In addition, Anisiah (2005), who
focused on the speech acts used by Djarum advertisements on television. Her
findings are firstly, the utterance acts that are performed, have the
illocutionary act of stating, telling, ordering, asserting, asking and
perlocutionary act of persuading and convincing. Secondly, the speech acts of the
advertisements performed are literally, non- literally, directly and indirectly.
And the prefectness of
illocutionary acts influences the level marketing of the product. The example: the illocutionary act is
what the speaker is doing in relation to the hearers with words. Look at the
context description, the advertiser attempts to introduce the product by doing
an act, playing basketball enthusiastically after coming into LA Light area.
The intended message is the product raises audience enthusiasm in doing
something.
In this study the researcher
analyzes illocutionary acts used by the President George W. Bush and Prime Minister
Sharon in Economic Discussion.
This study is important because
none of earlier illocutionary studies focused their research on the President
utterances which categorize as formal discussion that contents illocutionary
acts in economic area.
1.2 Problem of the Study Based on
the background of the study, this research focuses on the following questions:
what are illocutionary acts used by the President George W.
Bush and Prime Minister Sharon in
Economic Discussion? 1.3 Objective of The Study Based on the problem mentioned
above, the objective of this research are to describe the illocutionary acts
used in discussion between President George W.
Bush and Prime Minister Sharon in
Economic Discussion.
1.4 Significance of the Study The
findings of this research are divided into three parts. First, to the researcher,
it can give function as the medium to apply her knowledge in discourse studies.
Second, to the English students, the study of illocutionary acts can enrich
their knowledge in discourse studies, especially to the English Lecturers and
students of UIN Malang. Thirdly, to the next researchers, this research can
give motivation to the other researchers to study about illocutionary acts in
the other areas, such as culture, politics, social and another point of view.
1.5 Scope and Limitation This
research is limited on analyzing the illocutionary acts used by President
George W. Bush and Prime Minister Sharon in economic discussion in Texas, on
April, 2005. The illocutionary used are constantive, directives, commissive,
and acknowledgement.
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms In
order to avoid misunderstanding about the terms that are used in this research,
the researcher defines the key terms used in this study. The terms are explained
as follow: 1. Speech Acts is a unit of
language that is produced in order to achieve a particular purpose, such as a
command, a question, a reply, a request, an apology, a complaint, etc.
2. Illocutionary acts are the act that is
performed as result of the speaker’s utterances. It is the act that is
committed by producing an utterance.
3. George Walker Bush is the rd president of the United States. President Bush
served for 6 years as the th governor of
the State of Texas.
4. Prime Minister Sharon is Prime Minister of
Israel. He was born on February 27, 1928.
5. Discussion is basically a conversation
between two or more people that have purpose to analyze and reach a solution to
a problem by sound reasoning.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE This chapter discusses some important ideas and theories in
conducting the research. These are (1) speech acts, (2) illocutionary acts, and
(3) discussion 2.1 Speech Acts 2.1.1 Definition In general, speech acts are
acts of communication to express a certain attitude, and the type of speech act
being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed. Speech
acts is actions that are carried out through language. For example, a statement
expresses a belief, a request expresses a desire, and an apology expresses
regret. As an act of communication, a speech act succeeds if the audience
identifies, in accordance with the speaker’s intention, the attitude being
expressed.
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