CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study Language
has various definitions.
Language is very
beneficial in our
life.
Language is used to communicate
to each other, to make our life easier. There is no reason to say that language is less crucial
than other aspects for the lives of human.
According to Sapir
(1921:9) “Language is a
system of arbitrary
vocal and visual symbols used by people in a given
culture to carry on their daily affairs”. It means
that an integrative
view combining aspects
and function of
language. This definition
covers three important
components: (a) internal
structure, (b) speech community
in a given
culture, and (c)
communicative function of
language.
Montgomert (1962:15) says
“Language is order to communicate one with another, to express our personal reactions to situations,
to simulate a response in someone else, and
for the sake of thinking something out”. It means that language is not only can
be conveyed verbally but also can be
conveyed by situation and condition that we feel.
Knapp and Watkins (2005:29) says
“That language is always produced, exchanged or received as text; that is, language as a
system of communication is organized as cohesive
units we call text”. From the statement above language can be changed, into other
forms for communication. It
based on who
is our opponent.
Children, teenangers or parents.
To know parts of the language, we
have to study about grammar. Grammar is one of
the aspects of
teaching English. Grammar
is the most
important part of Jual
skripsi language for anyone, which would
be understood first before being able to construct the sentence.
In the case of foreign language
learners, the students may make some errors, for it requires sufficient understanding of
every student’s ability. In order to analyse learner’s
errors in a
proper perspective, it
is crucial to
make distinction between mistakes and errors. A mistake refers to a
performance error that is a failure to utilize a known system correctly.
Error may
occur in all
components of language
such as grammar.
Knapp (2005:33) say s
that grammar therefore
needs to deal
with language from
three perspectives: the generic,
the textual, and syntactical. Error is a systematic deviation from the accepted system of target language.
Mistake is a non systematic deviation from accepte d
system of the
target language. While
lapse is a
non systematic deviation
from the accepted
system of language
being learnt it’s usually due to
human limitation such as tiredness,
nervous, and fatigue.
Passive voice is used when the
focus is on the action. It is not important or not known; however, who or what is performing
the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus
is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive
is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: Jual skripsi In this case, I
focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone.
Example: You have made a mistake.
1.1.1 Form of Passive Subject + finite form of to
be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) Example: A letter was
written.
When rewriting active sentences
in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be
+ past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes
the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) 1.1.2 Examples of Passive Tense
Subject Verb Object Simple Present Active: Rita
writes a letter.
Passive: A letter
is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita
wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter
was written by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita
has written a letter.
Passive: A letter
has been written by Rita.
Future I Active: Rita
will write a letter.
Passive: A letter
will be written by Rita.
Jual skripsi Present Active: Rita
can write a letter.
Passive: A letter
can be written by Rita.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar