CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study Writing is one way of communication; it can
still help people to explore their ideas
or arguments although it is not as effective as speaking. In this era, many people use this way to communicate with
others. Communication through written
text had been done by human since many years ago, as has been stated in the holy Qur’an that Suleiman had been used a
written text (a letter) to communicate
with the Queen of Saba’ community (An Naml: 28) As one way of communication, writing must be
effective; therefore, to make an
effective writing, a writer must be able tomanage his or her writing to be a good writing. A good writing requires the
use of good and appropriate sentences and
the logical organization of those sentences. Inaddition, a good writing also fulfills the requirement of unity and
coherence in order to make the idea on writing
flows smoothly and also make it easy to be understood. In other words, a good writing must smoothly be moved, either
from a sentence to other sentences or
from a paragraph to other paragraphs.
As have been discussed above that
a good writing isone that fulfills the requirement
of unity and coherence; it means that unity and coherence are two major elements of a good essay. Unity means
that every sentence in a paragraph contributes
to develop one idea (Saraka, 1988:61). In addition, Oshima and Hogue (1998:18) stated that unity means that there
is only one main idea that is discussed in
a paragraph. From those two definitions, we can conclude that a writing that fulfills the requirement of unity only
discusses one main idea that is developed in each of the supporting sentence.
Another element of a good writing
is coherence. Coherence means to hold
together (McCrimmon, 1963: 83). In other words, coherence means that the ideas or thoughts stick together so that the
thought flows smoothly within and between
paragraphs (Saraka, 1988:89). In the whole writing, coherence occurs when there is clear transition or link among
sentences or paragraphs, therefore, transitional
words are needed to make coherence in writing and also to make the ideas on a writing stick together and flow
smoothly, as has been stated by Wingersky
(1992:281) that writing that flow smoothly contains specific words that make the connections between ideas so the
reader does not have to fill in the gaps.
It is clearly stated in the
previous paragraph thatto make coherence in writing, it is needed the use of the
transitional words. Transitional words are words such as first, second, next, finally,
therefore, and however, or phrase such as
in conclusion, on the other hand, and as a result (Oshima and Hogue, 1998:43).
Transitional words are words that
connect one idea to others so there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas. Since transitional
words connect one idea to other ideas on
a paragraph or an essay, they have function as glue that can fit the ideas together. In addition, transitional words help
the writer to make the paragraph or essay
being effective and make the reader understand the information that is stated. The use of appropriate transitional
words can make the paragraph or essay flow
smoothly and can give clear information to thereaders.
There are some kinds of
transitional words; it can be transitional words between paragraphs or within paragraph. In the
discussion of the kind of transitional
words, Oshima and Hogue (1998:44-45) divided transitional words into three groups based on grammatical
function. The three groups are sentence connectors,
clause connectors and mixed group called others. Those transitional words can be put in the beginning of
sentences, in the middle of sentences and it can also appear in the end of sentence. In
addition, Wingersky (1992:284) introduced
some types of transitional words that add coherence to the writing such as transitional words to add something, to
show a contrast, to give an example, to compare
or show similarity, to show time sequence, to emphasize, to show space relationship, and transitional words to
summarize.
Transitional words are the
important elements that support a good writing
because they help the writer bringing the readers from one idea to another idea without any ambiguities. Although they
have big contribution in constructing a
good writing, they will be useless if the writer cannot choose an appropriate transitional word because it can not help the
writer to arrange a good writing.
Considering this fact, this study
tries to analyze the use of transitional words in some essays and their contribution in
arranging a good essay that fulfills the
requirement of coherence. In this study five essays written by the students of English letters and language department of the
State Islamic University of are analyzed. Those essays are the result of
the students’ final test in Writing II that
are compiled by Miss Maila as the lecture of writing II in 2006/2007 academic year in her blog. Those data are
chosen because the researcher found there
are some students that used transitional words as one element of their essay.
So, to know more about the type
of the transitionalwords that are used and to know more about the contribution of those
transitional words in constructing a coherent
essay, those data are needed to be analyzed more.
This study is not the first work
that has been done, there are several researchers
that had done the same work, for example, Surfaifel (2002) who has analyzed the type of transitional words that
are used in some articles on Reader’s Digest
and counts the type of transitional words that are dominantly expressed on those articles. Another study also had been
done byAmrullah (2004). Differing from
Surfaifel (2002), Amrullah (2004) had analyzedthe use of transitional words between paragraph and within paragraph on a
novel written by Arthur Connan Doyle.
From the explanation above it has
been known that those two studies only
analyze the type of transitional words that are used on the novel and articles and also analyze the type of transitional
words that are used dominantly. To make a
difference, this study does not only analyze the type of transitional words in some essays written by the students of English
Department of the State Islamic University
of but also analyze their contribution
in constructing a good essay.
1.2 Statement of the Problems 1. What
kinds of transitional words are used by some students of English department in their essays? 2. What
is the contribution of those transitional words in achieving coherence within paragraph and between paragraphs on
those essays? 1.3 Objectives of the
Study Based on the problems stated
above, the objectives of this study are: 1.
Classifying the transitional words found in some essays based on several
kinds of transitional words.
2. Analyzing the use of transitional words and
their contribution in achieving coherence
within paragraph and between paragraphs on those essays 1.4 Significance of the
Study The main purpose of this study is
to answer those two problems stated above,
then, the result of this study is expected to be one of sources in writing study especially in the discussion of writing
essayand its elements such as the unity
and coherence. This study is also expected tobe useful for the next researcher as the references for further
research. It is expected that the result of this study will help the next researcher to
get more information about kinds of transitional
word, unity and coherence and how to analyze an essay or a paragraph in order to know the aspect of unity and
coherence through the use of transitional words.
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with the North
Vietnamese military victory after more than 15 years. Over 1.4 million
military personals were killed in the
war (approximately 6%
were members of
the United States
armed forces), while estimates
of civilian fatalities
range from 2
to 5.1 million.
The war was fought
between the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam
(North Vietnam) and the
United States-supported Republic
of Vietnam (South
Vietnam). The war ended
with American withdrawal,
the defeat of
the South Vietnamese
forces, and unification of
Vietnam under the
communist government of
the North (http/www.wikipediaVietnamWar.com).In this
study, the researcher
is interested in
analyzing Robert Bly’s
four poems because of
several reasons. The
first, Robert Bly’s
poems have good dictions
that can make
the readers more
interested in reading
and analyzing his poems
such as the
using of the
word “crystal, particles”
in “Driving through Minnesota during
the Hanoi Bombing”.
The second, those
poems have many [1]
idiomatic words
that have a deep meaning
and make the
poems more beautiful such as
“’ black dog’,
‘dark fir’,” in
“Melancholia” and “’black
starfighters’, ‘great pain’” in
“Driving Through Minnesota
during the Hanoi
Bombing“. The third, the meaning of those poems can make a great
changing in this world for the people
who know its meaning. And the last reason is that Robert Bly’s poems are talking about the
sufferng at Veetnam at that time.There are
some objectives wants
to be reached
by the researcher
in conducting this research.
In this study,
the writer wants
to expose the
suffering of the victims of
Vietnam War and something related to the Vietnam War such as the actors of
this war and
the general truth
about this war
based on Robert
Bly’s four poems. The
writer wants to
know deeply about
Vietnam War based
on those poems.
This is
the fact that
every war has
an impact, both
bad and good
impact.
But in
this study, the
writer only wants
to analyze bad
impacts caused Vietnam War especially the suffering of the
victims of this war in their real condition based on Robert
Bly’s four poems.
Robert Bly’s four
poems that will
be analyzed are the
poems which have
title “Counting Small-Boned
Bodies”, “Driving through Minnesota during
the Hanoi Bombing”,
“Waking from Sleep”,
and “Melancholia”.
The researcher uses genetic
structuralism approach in order to make easier in analyzing those poems and
make easier in answering several problems
that will be conducted. The
reason of using
this literary theory
is because genetic structuralism sees
the literary work
from two points
of views: Intrinsic
and [1] Extrinsic. In
this research, the
study begins from
intrinsic element studies
as the base data.
Then, the research
will connect the
content of external
to the real societies. Genetic
structuralism looks the
literary as a period reflection
that gives expression to
the social aspect,
culture, politic, economic,
and so on.
The important events from
that period will
be connected directly
to the intrinsic elements of the literary work. In this
study, the writer,
uses two kind
of previous study,
those are; “The Study of the Intrinsic Aspect of Robert
Bly’s selected poems” that written by
Indah Nurmala. She focused
on the intrinsic
aspect of the
poem. The second
is the study written
by Agus Suprianto
“The psychology of
Robert Bly when
the occurring of Vietnam
War“ about Robert
Bly’s Counting Small
– Boned Bodies that focused on the psychology
condition of the poet when he wrote the poem.
Indah Nurmala
concluded that Vietnam
War should not
be occurred because it
has several bad
impacts. Those are
the suffering, the
much of victims, the
sadness, etc. While
Agus Suprianto concluded
that Robert Bly
was very sad looking
the Vietnam War.
Robert Bly confuses why
the war should
be happened although the bad
impact is more than a good.
After knowing
the explanation the
previous study above,
this study is different
from them. Here,
the writer focuses
on the suffering
of the victims
of Vietnam War in the
real society of Vietnam
during the war. This study
tells about the real condition
of the victims
of Vietnam War
during the war
that reflected on Robert Bly’s four poems.
[1] 1.2 Statements
of the problems The fact that
the study uses
genetic structuralism approach
that sees the literary
work from two
points of views:
intrinsic and extrinsic,
the researcher wants to conduct
the question as a problem as follows: 1.
how are the
sufferings of the
victims of Vietnam
War portrayed in Robert Bly’s poems? 2. what
are the effects of Vietnam War in Robert Bly’s poems? 3. how do the poems relate to the real society? 1.3
Objectives of the Study In relation to
previous statements of
the problems, the
objectives of this study are formulated as follows: 1. to
describe the suffering
of the victims
of Vietnam War
that portrayed in Robert Bly’s four poems.
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