CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study,
problem of the study, objective of the
study, scope and limitation, significance of the study, and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study When we talk with others, we produce an
utterance as types of action. It means
that we can do many things through language such as ordering, requesting, promising, treating, asserting, and refusing.
Almost any speech act is the performance
of several acts at once. There is a clear difference between the two sentences:” The weather is cold”, and” I swear
thatI will study hard”. The first sentence
is saying something (statement), while the second sentence is not only saying something but is actually doing
something ifcertain world conditions are met (Wardhaugh, 1988: 277). So, an
illocutionary act is necessary to understand what the words mean and what the speaker or
listener’s express in the process of sending
and receiving messages. Generally, speech act is the act of communication. To communicate is to express a
certain attitude and the type of speech
act being performed corresponds to the type of attitude being expressed.
This study discusses speech acts
of illocutionary act. According to Austin's preliminary informal description, the idea of
an "illocutionary act" can be captured
by emphasizing that "in saying something, we dosomething". Grundy (2000: 49) also states that language is as a
representation of action. We realize that we are doing something with words when we
talk, forexample Greeting (in saying,
"Hi John!"), apologizing ("Sorry for that!"), describing
something ("It is 14 snowing"), asking a question ("Is it
snowing?"), making a request and giving an order ("Could you pass the salt?"
and "Drop your weapon or I'll shoot you!"), or making a promise ("I promise I'll give it
back") are typical examples of "speech acts" or "illocutionary acts".
Renkema (1993:21) states that the
relationship between form and function has
been affected by speech act theory. In speech act theory, language is seen as a
form of acting. By studying how people
perform speech acts such as apologizing, promising, and ordering.
Austin in Yule (1985: 48) argues
that any occasion,the action performed by
producing an utterance will consist of three related acts. Firstly,
illocutionary act is the basic act of
utterance or producing a meaningful linguistic expression.
Secondly, illocutionary act.
Renkema (1993: 22), illocutionary act is the act which is committed by producing an utterance; by
utteringpromise, uttering a threat, agreement
etc. Thirdly, perlocutionary act. It is the production of effect through locution and illocution.
There are six types of general functions
performedby speech acts, such as: directives,
commissives, representatives, expressives, verdictives, and declaratives (Brinton, 1984: 305). Directives is a kind of
speech acts that speaker uses to get one
else to do something such as commands, orders, advices, and suggestions.
The type of directive can be
illustrated in “would you mind open the door, please!” The next type of speech acts is
commissives. The speaker commits him self
to do some future action such as promises, treats, and refusal. The next type of speech acts are representatives.
Representativesare the type of speech acts which represents a state of affairs such a
affirming, describing, claiming stating 15
and explaining. Expressives are those
kinds of speech acts the speakers feeling such as pleasure, pain, joy, or sorrow (Yule,
1996:53). Then, verdictives, speaker expresses
a value judgment or rates something. The last is declaratives. The example of declarative is the referee’s utterance
“You are out!” to expel indiscipline
player of football. In this case, the speaker changes the world via words.
Searle in Renkema(1993:23)
formulated four 'felicity conditions' which illocutions must be met. Four felicity
conditions will be illustrated using the illocutions 'to promise’. The first, the
propositional content condition, is the act which the speaker commits himself to do in the
future to be carried out by the speaker
himself. The second, preparatory conditions, is the circumstances would require that the content of the promise is not
matter of course. The third, the sincerity
condition, is the speaker must honestly be willing to fulfill the promise.
The fourth, the essential
conditions, is the speaker takes upon himself the responsibility of carrying out the act stated
in the content of promise. (Renkema, 1993:
23).
This study discusses the drama
“The Boor” as the object of research, because
of some reasons; first, the play is simple,clear, direct, and full of power, much of its drama is derived from
characterization and dialogue, and of course, from the right level of action from beginning
to the end. It created by Anton Chekov,
the one of phenomenal dramatist, and the drama "The Boor" is one of most popular literary works that includes on
literary work ontology by Marjorie Wescott
Barros. Second, the words or utterances in this drama scrip have special uniqueness. It is because the language used is
easyto understand, although the 16 sentences are short but meaningful, and
grammatical. So, we can be easier to analyze
their words and utterances. The third, the scrip of the drama has many speech acts in the conversation of this drama,
and also it is found many types of function
performed by speech acts such as expressive, directive, comissives etc.
The analysis of speech acts in
this paper also on illocutionary act. This study focuses on how the act which must be in place
for speech acts to be performed appropriately,
Austin in Leech (1901:176). Therefore it is interesting to know the intended meaning produced by the main
characters ofdrama “The Boor". This drama is categorized as a comedy This drama tells us that Mrs. Helena Ivanovna
Popovis very sad because of her
husband’s death. She loved him so much, although her husband leaved her with much of debt. One day, there is one,
Grigori Stepanovitch Smirnov, who wants
to ask his money to Mrs. Helena Ivanovna Popov, but she cannot pay the money at that time, and she promised that she
will pay the day after tomorrow, but Mr.
Grigori does not want, actually Mr. Grigori falls in love with her. And he
tells her that he loves her, and then
she receives his love. This drama is very interesting to be analyzed especially using speech act
theory. Other researchers have done the research of
speech acts. Firstly, Istiqomah (2002)
who studied speech act theory in her thesis under the title “A Pragmatic Study On Speech Acts Used In Pasirian
Lumajang”.She found out that there were
19 kinds of speech acts. They were 11 constantive acts, 6 directive acts, and 2 commissive acts. The most constantive acts
performed in her finding were on informative
followed by disputative and retrodictive acts. The directive acts are mostly performed in requirement and question
acts. However, the fourth kind of 17 speech acts, acknowledgement, was never used
by people during the observation of her
study. Therefore she concluded that people were culturally reluctant to show and express their feeling through buying
and selling interaction.
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