CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This
chapter discusses background of the study, problem of the study, purpose of the study, significance of the
study, scope and limitation of the study and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of The Study Culture
is basic thing in a society. Each society has special culture and those culture almost various. The variety is
legal. Because their experiences, view of
point, histories are different.
It is wrong if we say that
occasionally one culture is estimated to be more primitive than another, this one more superior
to that one. Learning a culture is more
respectful than B culture. Whereas, all cultures are same in value. The assessment
of being more superior, higher, more respectful, culture depends on who the speaker is.
Culture, as E.B. Taylor says, is
a complexity, which covers knowledge, art,
morality, abilities, habits, that human do as part of society (in Zuhriah, 2004:1). A branch of culture is written
culture. It was begun by writing and picture
at cave’s wall of culture. Ancient people had been writing to express their feeling, and to immortalize their experiences,
histories, etc.
Now days, writing culture had
born high civilization. One of them was literature.
Literature was writing in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest,
were characteristic or essential feature, as poetry, romance, biography, essay, etc (in
Zuhriah, 2004:2).
Furthermore, talking about
literary, it is always related to text studied, although there is basic difference between
both of them. As main marker, a text can be called as literary text if those
texts contain esthetic value. Theseesthetics criteria are often become basic standard to
appraise literary text. Moreover, some experts
had an assumption that literary texts are considered carrying weight or not which is established by contained esthetic
value (Fananie: 2003:26).
Effort to understand, realize,
appraise literary works not only depend on theories of literature, but also problems out
of the text like aspects of politic, social,
religion, etc, which often draw basic structure of the produced literary works. In other words it can be stated that
actually literary text is verycomplex works.
Because basically, literary work is a reflection of human life with its various dimension. Indeed, literature has
psychological function because it immortalizes
life experiences. Hussen al-hajj Hasan (in Muzzaki: 2003:6) states that literature was a portrait of human life,
phenomenon, ideology and his tradition,
meaning of his hope and inclination, expression of his ideal and emotion, and his character reality.
Sociologically, literature is a
reflection of culture environment and dialectical
text between author and social condition where it made, or an explanation of a dialectical history developed
in literary work.(Muzzaki: 2003:7) Novel was one form of literary work that often
tries to reflect human’s life and his culture. The author, consciously or
unconsciously, besides writing stories, he also reflected his point of view of
culture. James Kauzer says that although you tell someone but actually you tell about
yourself (Sumardjo, 2004:123).
Daniel Defoe, an English novelist, became
popular because of publishing his novel,
Robinson Crusoe. This novel was published in 1719 when colonization had done by European countries in America for
instance in Spain, Portugal, France,
England, and Netherlands since 1650 (Encyclopedia Americana: 1978:265). In Robinson CrusoeDefoe told about
a shipwrecked man alone on an island.
The main character was Robinson Crusoe. On that island Robinson struggled to live. He also declared that the
island was his.
Novel used language as a medium.
Linguists are aware that language has functions
not only as communication tool, but also much more as representative from and showroom of power (Raharjo, 2002:38).
Based on the discourse above, the
researcher wanted to investigate about colonization
in novel Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoewas an adventure story.
It was exciting adventure, a
story of man shipwrecked alone in on an island. It ha inspired readers for over 250 years. A film
had made on this novel with the same title.
Dorren Robert, a commentator from University of Kent, Conterbury noted that there are many published books inspired
by Robinson Crusoe.
“As long as the first middle of th century, expect translations, there are many imitations in Germany language (it’s
called ‘Robonsonads’), including 40
titles published in Germaby. And at the end of the following century there are about 700 versions of
Crusoe, including: adaptations, translations,
and some English Edition”.
(http://www.republika.co.id/koran_detail.asp?id)
Daniel Defoe, the author, was English
novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist.
Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe was considered the founder of English novel. He achieved literary
immortality when in April 1719 he published Robinson Crusoe, which was based partly on the
memoirs of voyagers and castaways. In
the 1720s Defoe had ceased to be politically controversial in his writing.
There are three studies related
to this research. First, Rosdjelia Tukang(2002)
focused on character of Robinson Crusoe. Secondly, Maratun Nafi’ah (2003) focused on the element of
setting of Robinson Crusoenovel.
Thirdly, www.wmich.edu/
dialogues/texts/ robinsoncruse.html#notesfocused on mimicry, ambivalence and hybridity of Robinson
Crusoe novel.
Based on discourse above, the researcher would
like to investigate Robinson Crusoeusing
postcolonial theory. It is necessary to study it as an intellectual contribution in field of literary
work.
1.2 Problem of the Study Based
on the background of the study above, the problems were formulated as follow: 1. How
is the colonization reflected in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe? 2. How did the dominant power dominate the colonized
people in this novel? 1.3 Purpose The Study Purpose of the study was to find out the
answer the problem, they were: 1. To explain how colonization is reflected in
Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe 2. To explain the dominant power dominate the
colonized people in this novel 1.4
Scope and Limitation The study
ofRobinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe related to two aspects of postcolonial, namely how colonization is
reflected in Defoe’ Robinson Crusoe and how the dominant power dominate the
colonized people in this novel. This study
does not deal with other aspects of postcolonial like ambivalence, hibridity, mimicry, etc.
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