CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of study,
statements of the problems, objectives
of the study, scope and limitation of the study, significance of the study, and definitions of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Language has evolved across from time to time.
Likethe other human made, as a product
of culture, it develops to the various usages. Language is used to express human’s idea, thought, feeling and
emotions. Language is actually the realization
or the oral representation of human thoughts.
Language is not only used for
maintaining human communication, but also used for downgrading, belittling, humiliating
or even ‘killing’ the enemies. The functions
of language are varying according to the people who use it. It can be used as shield or weapon to conquer the
enemies .
In general, language is used as a
tool of communication and for establishing
the relationship with others. According to Nababan in Masrokhin Keith Allan and Kate Burridge. Euphemism,
Dysphemism, and Cross-Varietal Synonymy: Academic Paper, www.latrobe.edu.au/linguistics/LaTrobePapersinLinguistics/Vol%2001/1AllanandBurridge.pdf
(April 5, 2009).
Masrokhin, ”A Sociolinguistics Study on the
Rude Words Used by the Street Children in Malang,” (Unpublished Thesis, State of Islamic
Studies Malang, Malang, 2002), 3-4.
language has other functions that seem to be
more specific.
In this case, language is used in
three ways. First, it is used as cultural development device. Second, it used to keep a
culture still going on. Third, a language
is an inventory of culture characteristics.
Language has a special role in
human life. It is classified into two: First, based on the scope and another is based on the
field of usage. There are two functions
of language based on the scope: a national language and a group language. As a national language it has some
functions such as symbol of the country
pride, unity device, and a symbol of a country identity. A group language is a language that it is used by small group,
i.e. ethnic groups in a country and it is a symbol of their identity.
Language has educational
functions. They are integration, instrument, cultural and reasoning function. Integration
function is emphasized to language as a
way used by a learner to be a member of society. It makes someone to become a member of certain ethnic group. Instrument
functionis the use of language to get material
profit, to get job, etc. Cultural functionis the use of language to give respect in certain society. Reasoning function
is the use of language as the way to think,
understand, and create some concepts with a simple reasoning.
Language has individual
functions. It depends on the speaker intention.
Language is used to be a tool for
fulfilling needs.And to share thought and feeling to others. Crystal , also stated that one of language functions
is language is as David Crystal, “The
Functions of Language,” The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ), 10.
emotional expression. It has function to
express human’s emotion. It is shown when
people are angry or frustrated, fear or affection. When someone expresses affection, he/she shows positive emotion. But
when he/she expresses angry or frustrated,
he/she shows negative emotion. Negativeemotions are commonly used by swear words and obscenities. Here, language
alsoknown as ideational function.
Based on the last reason, someone
usually used language depends on mood.
In this case, the language is influenced by emotions. It can be very good and polite, and sometimes it can be very bad,
rude or even impolite. And it usually cannot
be realized or controlled by the speaker.
The development of language not
only goes on the better usage. But now, it tends to break the rules of politeness. Taboo
words, swearwords, profanity, blasphemy
and so forth that was avoided in the pasttime, now it becomes usual and casual words to say. Some people use those
to express their contempt, protests, and
critics. They also use those words tostrengthen their statement or even to show the casualty and solidarity in
their community.
Basically, the harsh words can be
uttered, but we have to know when and where
those words can be uttered. Harsh words can be uttered in certain condition and should not be exaggerate. Islam suggests
Moslems to act politely and forbids to
act impolitely to keep the communication to their parents, family, neighbors or
to their society well. As Allah says in
Al-Baqarah ayah 83, Al-Baqarah ayah 263, and Al-Isra’ ayah 23 which are translated by
MuhsinKhan and Taqiud-Din AlHilali below “And (remember) when We took a
covenant from the Children of Israel, (saying):
Worship none but Allah (Alone) and be dutiful and good to parents, and to kindred, and to orphans and
Al-Masakin (the needy), and speak good
to people[i.e. enjoin righteousness and forbid evil, and say the truth about Muhammad], and perform As-Salat
(the prayers), And give Zakat
(obligatory charity). Then you slid back, except a few of you, while you are backsliders.” (Al-Baqarah: 83) “Kind words and forgiving of faults are better
than Sadaqah (charity) followed by
injury. And Allah is Rich (Free of all needs) and He is Most Forbearing.”(Al-Baqarah) “And your Lord has
decreed that you worship none but Him. And that you be dutiful to your parents. If one of them or
both of them attain old age in your
life, say not to them a word of disrespect, nor shout at them but address them in terms of honor.”(Al-Isra’: 23)
The usage of harsh words or phrases
which cause theaudiences offending is called
dysphemism. Dysphemism is an offensive language used as weapons against others, or as release valves from
anger andfrustration .
Allan and Burridge define that “dysphemism is an expression with
connotations that are offensive either
about the denotatum or the audience, or both,
and it is substituted for a neutral or euphemistic expression for just that reason. It is used to talk about one’s
opponents, things one wishes to show disapproval
of, and things one wishes to be seen todowngrade.” Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and
Dysphemism: Language Used as Shield and Weapon,(New
York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 2.
Ibid., 26.
Goffman in Renkema introduces the concept of 'face' which means
the image that a person projects in his
social contactswith others. In Goffman opinion,
every participant in the social process has the need to be appreciated by others the need to be free and not interfered
with.Goffman calls the need to be appreciated
'positive face' and the need to not be disturbed 'negative face'.
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