CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of theAnalysis
Based on Longman
Dictionary of Applied Linguistics (1989), language is the system of human communication by means of
a structured arrangement of sounds (or
their written representation) to form larger units, example morphemes, words, sentences. In common usage it can also
refer to non-human system of communication
such as the “language” of bees, the “language” of dolphins.
Language can be divided into two, they are written language and
spoken language.
Everybody agrees that language
form firstly introduced to us is in the spoken
form. Most of our activities use spoken forms as the medium of building relationship, interaction to our environment.
L. Susan Stebbing (1962:15), explain
that, we use language in order to communicate one with another, to express our personal reactions to situation,
to stimulate a response in some one else, and for the sake of thinking
something out language may be described as a means of conveying something that the user of
the language wants to convey We can see that oral communication is the
effective and efficient way in daily
activities of human beings. Language
plays an important role and the strategic
instrument to embody the ambition. What language? Certainly, the languages legitimated as the international
languages by the United Nation Organization.
One of them is English.
Some
experts or writers argue that communication strategies can happen or take places according to the needs of the
communication, for example: As Tarone
(in Vivian 1996) says that while the L2 have a problems in communication, so they use the strategies as
mutual attempt to solve their problems.
Kasper (in Vivian 1996) agrees
that solution to psychological when the speakers
have problems in L2 processing.
Kellermen (in Vivian 1996) says
that communication strategies can be the strategy in gaps vocabulary is L1 or L2.
Cook (1996:87) L2 learners are attempting to
communicate trough a language that is
not their own it is different from children learning a first language where mental and social development to go hand
in hand with language development.
Hence, unlike L1 children, L2 learners always want to express thing for which they do not have the means in the
second language. In the 1980s there was
considerable debate about the communication strategies of L2 learners employ to cope with this problem. There are
two functions of communication strategies;
they are communication as social interaction, and communication strategies as psychological problem-solving,
for this case, the writer only tries to discuss
communication strategies as social interaction.
Tarone (in Vivian 1980),
communication strategies can be divided into three, they are: Paraphrase, Falling back, and
Avoidance. Each of them can he has some
different types. Those types are: A. Paraphrase 1)
Approximation, → someone who is
grouping for a word falls back on a strategy of using a word that means approximately the same, say
‘animal’ for ‘horse’, because the
listener will be able to deduce from the context what is intended.
2) Word coinage → another form of paraphrase is
to make up a word to substitute for the unknown
word ‘air ball’ for ‘balloon’.
3) Circumlocution → L2 learners talk their way
round the word- when you make a container for ‘pottery’.
B. Falling back, known as transfer, example: 1) Translation from the L1, a German-speaking
student says ‘make a the door shut
‘rather than ‘shut the door’.
2) Language switch, that’s a nice tirtil
(caterpillar) distinct from the code switching
discussed above because the listener does know the L1.
3) Appeal for assistance, what is this? 4) Mime what you need. My daughter succeeded in
getting some candles in a shop in France
by singing ‘happy birthday’ in English and miming blowing out candles.
C. Avoidance, → Do not talk about things you know are
difficult in L2, whether whole topics or individual words.
The
writer wants to analyze various communication strategies used by students in English Department Faculty of
Letters University of Sumatra Utara.
1.2 Problems of the Analysis In this thesis, there are some problems that
appeared and need to be answered, they
are: 1. What kinds of communication
strategies used by English students? 2.
What is the most dominant communication strategies used by the English students? 1.3
Objectives of the Analysis Dealing with the analysis of communication
strategies in 2009 batch students of
English department university of Sumatra Utara, the objectives of the analysis of this thesis are: 1. To
find out kinds of communication strategies Used by English students 2. To find out the most dominant communication
strategies used by the English students.
1.4 Scope of the Analysis The analysis only focuses on kinds of
Communication Strategies that found in
Batch 2009, the students of English Literature Department of University of North Sumatra. Not all of 2009 students are
as informant, but only 10 of them will
be recorded and analyzed.
1.5
Significances of theAnalysis The writer
hopes that, this thesis can give the information for the readers, especially the students of university that in
communicating by using English language,
there is a strategy than can help them to produce and make their communication be communicative.
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