CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study,
research problems, objective of the
study, scope and limitation of the study, significance of the study, and operational definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Conversation
is communication between two or more people. It is a social skill that is not difficult for most
individuals. For a successful
conversation, the participants must
achieve a workable balance of contributions. A successful conversation includes mutually interesting
connections between the speakers or things
that the speakers know. For this to happen, those engaging in conversation must find a topic on which they both can
relate to in some sense. Those engaging in
conversation naturally tend to relate the other speaker's statements to themselves. Each participant needs “exchange
system,” that is, a system that is needed
in a process of conversation. Therefore, the participants should pay attention more to the process of exchange in
order the conversation could run well.
Conversation is an example of two
way communication in which the sender
and the receiver always need exchange system in turn at speaking which is commonly called turn taking. Both conversation
and turn taking is much related to each
other because turn taking is an important requirement of making 1 conversation.
Coulthard (1977:59) stated that one of the basic facts of conversation is the roles of speaker and
listener change, and this occurs with little overlapping speech and few silences. The
statement showed thatt a speaker and a listener
must cooperate each other in order the conversation run well. In order turn taking goes smoothly, the participants need to
give cues or signals, for instance the
cue or signal of speaker has finished a turn by dropping the pitch of volume at
the end of utterance.
The rules of conversation is to
ensure relatively smooth, clear, and minimally
interrupted interaction but are necessarily sensitive to take account of the demands of the particular conversation.
One approach of this is called „Conversation
Analysis‟. When we want to make conversation, we already know how to create and partake in conversation,
what we are trying to uncover is the rules
of conversation in order to understand things such as: how to initiate conversation, why interruptions are relatively
rare, how to respond certain sentences,
and how to end conversation. All of these things act to organize conversation. It is the knowledge of the
organizational structure of turn taking.
Generally, the principles for
turn taking according to Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson (cited in Wooffitt, 2005:27) are; (1a)If
the current speaker has identified, or selected a particular next speaker, then that speaker should take a turn at that
place. (1b)If no such selection has been
made, then any next speaker may (but need not) self-select at that point.
If self-selection occurs, then
the first speaker has the right to the turn. (1c)If no next speaker has been selected, then
alternatively the current speaker may, but need not continue talking with another turn
constructional unit, unless another speaker
has self-selected, in which case that speaker gains the right to the turn.
(2) whichever option has
operated, then the rules 1a-c come into play again for the next transition-relevance place All interactions involve the use of some kind
of turn taking organizations (Sacks,
Schegloff and Jefferson), and many kinds of institutional interaction use the same turn taking organization as ordinary
conversation. Some, however, involve very
specific and systematic transformations in conversational turn taking procedures, interview for instance. Interview
is one of the well known used researches
in the social sciences. As the consequence, much of our knowledge about the social world is obtained from
information generated during interviews.
Interviews are themselves periods
of social interaction between two people or more. Gumpers (1982:121) argued that the
interviewer basically has power over the
interviewee. S/he controls both the organizational structure of the interview and the mechanics of interactions. Therefore,
it is necessary to know how the relationship
between the interviewer and interviewee influences the nature of the information collected. Even if it were
possible to take account of all interpersonal influences on the outcome of interview, there
would be still features of the organization
of talk between interviewer and interviewee which needed to be addressed the way turns are exchanged, the
methods by which misunderstanding and
other troubles are repaired, or the effect of letting misunderstanding and
other troubles are repaired ( Wooffitt
and Hutchby, 1998:172). For this reason, it is necessary to examine the verbal
organization of interview especially in turn taking aspect between interviewer and interviewee
during interview occurrence.
In interview itself, there will
be two kinds of participants: the interviewer and interviewee. There is a clear ordering to the
interaction between the interviewer and
interviewee: they alternate turns at talk that can be characterized question-answer. Atkinson and Drew (cited in
Wooffitt and Hutchby, 1998:149) stated
that turn type preallocation is used to characterize the organization of interaction in broadcast news interviews. Turn
type preallocation means that participants
are constrained in the type of turns they may take according to particular institutional roles. Typically, the
format involves chains of questions answers
sequences, in which the interviewer will ask question and the interviewee will provide answer. Stenstrom (1994:2) stated
that questions can be used to start a
conversation and they can be used over and over again to keep it going. In broadcast news, interviewer can similarly
produce talk that is critical and challenging
towards interviewee by adopting various kinds of strategies, for instance s/he can embed critical statement
within questions or they may cite the facts
so as to emphasize their contractive with statement of interviewee. In a question-answer system like interview, there
are several sorts of departures (Heritage,
1998:9) At the end of a question-answer sequence, a second (unaddressed)
interviewee may attempt to speak,
pre-empting the return of the floor to the interviewer.
An interviewee may act in some
other way that responding to a question: e.g., ask a question, or anticipate question,
perhaps in an attempt to forestall it. An interviewer may fail to ask question Therefore,
turn taking must be applied to construct communicative interaction between interviewer and
interviewee. Actually, there is no legal norm applied in interview, but if we avoid turn taking, we will get a bad
effect that we will not be a good
speaker in it. Basically, we need to speak continuously as far as we need by minimizing gap and overlapping
because there will be a good conversation
if people speak continuously.
There are three turn taking strategies based
on Stenstroms theory (1994:68), those
are: taking the turn, holding the turn, and yielding the turn.
Taking the turn is a strategy in
which the speaker takes turn in conversation.
Taking the turn involves starting
up, taking over, and interruption. Holding the turn is a strategy in which the speaker
carries on talking. Yielding the turn is a strategy in which the speaker gives turn to
other speakers.
Related to turn taking, there are
some relevant studies on the same field.
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