CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study Understanding
literature is the same as understanding the real world.
Literature represents a language
or people: culture and tradition. But, literature is more important than just a historical or
cultural artifact. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. We learn about books
and literature; we enjoy the comedies and
the tragedies of poems, stories, and plays; and we may even grow and evolve through our literary journey with
literary work. Culler (1997: 31) states
about literature as follow: One reason
why readers attend to literature differently is that its utterances have a special relation to the
world—a relation we call ‘fictional’.
The literary work is a linguistic event which projects a fictional world that includes speaker, actors,
events, and an implied audience (an
Audience that takes shape through the work’s decision about what must be explained and what the
audience is presumed to know). Literary
works refer to imaginary rather than historical individuals … .
Literary work is a unique
phenomenon, inside of it is full of meanings and functions. The meaning and the function are
often in obscure thing. Therefore, literary
work has duty to reveal that obscure thing to the brief one. They should appear basic elements of the literary
formation and interprets base on the theory used (Endraswara, 2003: 7). By the reflection
of those statements the researcher tries
to appeal the obscure thing in the literary work based on the theory which used by the researcher. Concerning with this
literary work, the researcher focused in
analysing the novel Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie in which 2 the
researcher will explain about the novel and the method of the analysis used by the researcher, the reason ofthe researcher
choose the novel, and the factor that motivates
the researcher in doing this analysis.
Haroun and the Sea of Storiesis a
1990 book by Salman Rushdie that tells about
a young person named Haroun, the son of the famed storyteller Rashid Khalifa; he lives in the country of Alifbay,a
sad city, the saddest of cities, a city so
ruinously sad that it has forgotten its name. Though Rushdie wrote Haroun for his nine year-old son, the book is complex and
multi-faceted, and is thus completely
engaging for young and old readers alike. It is a deeply allegorical work set in a world that could only make sense
within a magic realism framework. As an
argument which is cited by India Todayin Haroun and the Sea of Stories, “Haroun and the Sea of Storiescan
be enjoyed by adolescent and adult alike,
read as it can be on several levels: as fable, fantasy, adventure, alleory, and
by those obsessed by topicality as an
oblique, lyrical defence of his artist’s license, so rudely and terminally impounded by
the Islamic gendarmes.” Considering
this, the researcher is interested in analyzing the novel Haroun and the Sea of Storiesfocused to the
major character Haroun as a young person,
in which the researcher wants to analyze it by using Erikson’s psychosocial theory. To show an optimal result
the researcher uses a literary psychology.
According to Ratna (2006: 350) literary psychology is text analysis that considering the relevancy and the role of
psychology study. By focusing to the
characters, we can analyze the internal conflicts which are contrary to psychology theory.
3 The most interesting aspect of the novel
Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie is Haroun Khalifa, a
twelve-year boy who has an interesting personality.
This main character is important to be observed because he is the only child among adults who demands himself to
learn about his society and makes them
proud of him by doing what the adults can’t do. Dealing with this case, the researcher aims to show a discourse about the
psychosocial condition of the major character
at school-age based on the psychosocial theory. It concerns with Haroun’s condition in the novel Haroun and the
Sea of Storiesand children’s condition
according to psychosocial theory at school-age.
Erikson described that the task
of the school-age years to be a sense of industry vs inferiority (Erikson, 1963, as
cited in Ricci and Kyle, 2008: 855).
During this time, the child is
developing his sense of self-worth by becoming involved in multiple activities at home,
school, and in the community, which develops
his cognitive and social skilss. He is very interested in learning how things are made and work. The school-age
child’s satisfaction from achieving success
in developing new skills leads him to an increased sense of self-worth and level of competence.
The knowledge about children is
actually known since long ago. In Romany
and Yunnan age, there were many scientists that gave attentions to children education, although at that time
children had not been as a form of a human
itself. However children had been joined in working together with other adults. One of the first researchers in th Century who studied about children as an individual was John Amos Comenius (Hurlock,
1988: 2) whose nationality was 4 Slavic who argues that children should be
learned not as an adult’s embryo but in children’s
natural which is important to understand their abilities and to know how to make contact with them.
Based on the discourse above, the
researcher investigate more deeply by using
literary psychoogy analysis and tried to find many ideas from many researches that have similar topics. The first
is Plot and Theme in Haroun and the Sea
of Stories by Salman Rushdiewritten by Muhammad Afifi (2007) a student of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. He explained
about the plot and the theme of the
novel and concluded that the plot is organized well and it was a closed plot actually where the major character had a happy
ending and the theme was about happiness.
The second is An Analysis of the
Satires Reflected in Salman Rushdie’s novel
“Haroun and the Sea of Stories”written by Bunyani (2007) a student of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. He
foundabout the satires and the target of satires in the novel. The result of the study
shows the satires are represented by Khattam-Shud’s
action the events occurring, such as he poisoned the Ocean, made a silent law or he under power Bezaban of the
idol. There are two contents of the satire
and one target. First is criticism and second is ridicule or mockery.
Ayatollah Khomeini as a target
because he is the factor in his fatwa that makes the condition becomes worse. He gets criticism
because he makes a bad judgment to the
novel and his policy forbids societies read or write a novel. He gets a mockery
because his action is not proper to do.
5 The last research is Senol Bezci (2008)
analyzed Youth in Crisis: an Eriksonian
Interpretation of Adolescence Identity in “Franny”. The purpose of the study is to discuss Jerome David
Salinger’s short story “Franny”from an Erik Eriksonian point of view. Erik Erikson is
still a major figure in the study of personality
development, pays substantial importance to adolescence since it is the main period of identity formation, which
some adolescence find difficult to go through.
Adolescents that cannot develop fidelity to their society end up having either fanaticism or repudiation as it has
been illustrated thorough Salinger’s main characters in “Franny”. Contrary to the
general perception of Salinger critics, Franny
is not an adolescent to look up to when approached with Erikson’s theories on adolescence and identity formation.
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