CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains background
of the study, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, scope and limitation,
and significance of the study. In that case
they are followed by five
significant elements consisting of research design, data
sources, data collection,
data analysis and
definition of the
key terms.
Expectantly, they
can help the
reader in getting
understanding both the fundamental reasons
of conducting this
research and the
methods used by the
writer.
1.1. Background of Study Women
are always interesting to be spoken of due to two reasons, which is like two sides of coin. First, women are
related to beauty; their enchantments make
men crazy of them. On the other hand, woman is reputed a weakness. By their weakness, men exploit the beauty. It is
also supported by Endraswara (2008: 143)
stating that the literary work has been a culture regime and has big interest
to the gender case. In almost all of the
literary works, either written by men or women, the domination of men is stronger. The
lack of contribution of women happens
because of unequal opportunity. The assumption that women are irrational and emotional makes them impossible
to be a leader and places them in unimportant
position.
Women in England had been
oppressed by men having means and desirability
in construct social and politic control about women’s life since 1600s.
In the period 1660-1785 was the
great expansion to England, Great Britain, was written in the law that Scotland and Wales
gather in England. In th century, men oppressed women in biological and
psychological aspects; women could not compete
to be successful because they had been dominated by men.
Industry revolution in England
happened in th century had made gratefully changes to the society of England
which brought most of them in very deprived
condition. At that time, bourgeois got more profit, but lower-class and slave, moreover women were very suffering.
Industrial revolution made women got more suffering, because women always
became slave. In brief, industrial revolution gave a profit to the upper class,
but not for women of the lower class.
However, only a few of women
coming from upper class could get education in that era. They used to get education from
their mother, or asked tutor to teach in their home, but it was not a formal education.
In The Rise of the Novel Era in th century, some novels portraying social condition of England society has appear, like
Richardson’s Pamela, Daniel Defoe’s Moll
Flanders, Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels that are very famous as a satire society, etc. “To call the work of
Defoe, Haywood, and Richardson examples
of “the early novel” however, makes literary history neater than the facts justify.” (Spacks, 2006: 2) In 1719
Daniel Defoe and Eliza Haywood produced
two fictional best sellers in England by his work Robinson Crusoe and Love in Excess. The novel’s character in the
eighteenth century was complicated with
obstacles. They concerned themselves not only with love, economy, politic problems, but also with survival.
In 1719 literacy was rising,
fiction in many forms were also increasing.
Increasing larger and eager
audiences now also liked fiction in many forms.
The topics that were used in this
era were gender, family; household focusing on the norms, and controversies of England in th century. In the other hand, many people argue that eighteenth century novels
were necessarily realistic. During period
of the Rise of the Novel, novelists were showing new interest like psychological experience, social world, and
satire.
One of the novels which clearly
portrayed social condition of society in that era is Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders;
criminality was rampant in eighteenthcentury London. Novel from eighteenth
century is considered a “realistic novel”.
“What Moll Flanders wore, what
she stole, what she saw in prison-such elements are crucial to Defoe’s effects. They help
explain why many readers find his novel realistic,
despite, for instance, their reliance on more abundant unlikely coincidences than life customarily offers. The
asserted teleology of the realistic novel
has a powerful effect on readers: Defoe fulfills their expectation.” (Spacks, 2006: 20) Daniel Defoe began to write Moll
Flanders in the prison. Moll’s struggle to
carry property, money along with love in her life is the crucial subject of the
novel. It was written in Queen Anne and
George III Era, known as Georgian era.
According to Lois A Chaber in the
PMLA journal Vol. 97, “The heroine’s allegedly
indelicate, immoral, and illegal activities are emancipations and illuminations of a burgeoning patriarchal
capitalist community-or anticommunitythe novel’s main object of concern” (http://www.jstor.org/action/matriarchal.miror:woman.capital.in.moll.flanders.
2188.htm) This novel describes
the struggle of woman belonging to lower class against the culture which is oppressing women. One of main character,
Moll, is imaged as a strong and beautiful woman. Defoe described Moll as a
gorgeous figure who used her beauty to
get men with lofty income. She has a strong desire that she can change her life to be much better.
Novel in th and th
century tended to be realistic because the novel described a character and
ordinary occupations in relatively familiar setting.
“ Moreover, as I will soon
suggest more fully, novels of this period often reflect in recognizable ways the assumption
and disturbance of the society from
which they emanate. The facts of the world we inhabit measure reality of the most us, and eighteen-century
fiction frequently draws on facts of
experience. Yet to call it realistic for these reasons requires ignoring a
great deal that it also does; for instance, the degree to which it relies on palpable artifice, trades in wish
fulfillment, and depends on plotting
that is too neat to correspond to the course of actual lives.” (Spacks, 2006: 3) In the eighteenth century,
novel was considerable having ways of developing
by unpredictable hints. In this period, some novelists showed new interest in describing psychological
experience and the social world. On the other hand, some argued that based on the
techniques, the novel described about satire, though, crucial, also sentimentalism, and
almost all presented plots answering more
to desire than plausibility. The realistic term used at that time was related
to their attention on the social
problems and implications of social class and their effort to investigate psychological depth. The
topic used in this era was gender, family,
and household which focused on norms and controversies of England in th century. “In 1957 Ian Watt declared
“formal realism” to be the crucial characteristic
of the eighteenth-century English novel, citing Defoe, Richardson, and Fielding as principal cases in point and
ignoring a large number of less conspicuous
novelists.” (Spacks, 2006:3) According to Watt in the Novel Beginnings
Experiments in EighteenthCentury English Fiction, the rise of the novel argued
the importance of the novel of a new
social class and of inquiries into social force bearing on the novel developments. “Literary situation reflected
actualities of society at large.” (Spacks, 2006:6) The writer’s theme is
usually about men and women of the upper
class, and aristocrats. In eighteenth century, there are much fiction dealing with prostitution or politics, confinement or
adventure, untrammeled lawbreaking or
trammeled domesticity. It almost makes money becomes the most component of the plot.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar