CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This
chapter presents background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the
study,scope and limitation of the study and
definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background Of the Study Macrostructures organize
texts globally, while
microstructures do it locally.
The texts need to be structured both locally (connections between clauses and
sentences) and globally
(larger fragments of
discourse, e.g. paragraphs).
Macrostructures that are formed
by macro rules may be subject to another cycle of macro
rules in generalizing
the text.
Macrostructures are
abstract semantic descriptions
of the semantic
content of the
text, similar to
the text’s global meaning and theme and providing global
coherence.
Labov and Waletzky identified five structural
features of macro-structure, such as
Orientation, Complication, Evaluation,
Resolution, and Coda
(which Louwerse, M.M. &
Graesser, A.C. 2006. Macrostructures. In E.K. Brown (Ed.) The encyclopedia of language and
linguistics.Amsterdam: Elsevier Louwerse,
M.M. & Graesser, A.C. 2006. would prototypically occur in that order).
The
orientation is sets the scene.
The complication would
be the main
body of the
narrative describing the action or events that
occurred. In the
narrative approaches, an
evaluation as the
climax section is inserted which
“reveals the attitude of the narrator towards the narrative by
emphasizing the relative
importance of some
narrative units compared
to others”, The
evaluation would be
followed by the climax of the narrative while the resolution is outcome.
Labov and Waletzky also point out that the
insertion of an evaluation section at
this crucial point in the narrative is an important structural marker without which “it is difficult to
distinguish the complicating action from the result”. The coda “is a functional device
for returning the verbal perspective to the
present moment”. In a later paper, Labov adds the sixth element, the Abstract, which begins the narrative and briefly states
“not only what the narrative is about, but
why it was told”.
The Macrostructure of a story (narrative) is
the structure of an episode that includes the
story grammar components
of character, setting, initiating
event, internal response,
plan, attempts, direct
consequence and resolution.
At the cognitive level,
macro-structures are introduced
as a necessary component
in a complex information processing.
In addition, in order to be able to plan,
execute, control discourse in production, and to understand,store, retrieve and
reproduce Paul Hazel. 2007.Narrative:
An Introduction. Swansea Institute of Higher Education Mount Pleasant Swansea SA1 6ED. paul.hazel@sihe.ac.uk.
P.
Paul Hazel. 2007.. P.
Paul Hazel. 2007.. P.
http://www.mindwingconcepts.com/products.asp?iCat=26&hierarchy=0
(April, 2009), Teun A. Van Dijk. Pragmatic Macro -
Structures In Discourse And Cognition.
University of Amsterdam P.
100-101 discourse, a
macro-level of processing
must be postulated.
A normal
language user is
unable to store
and retrieve all
individual sentences
(propositions) of a discourse, and
yet understands the
discourse as a
coherent whole, being
able to recall
and summarize it
without necessarily having
an access to
the individual propositions.
Thus, during input, a reader will be on the
basis of the interpretation of the
respective sentences of the discourse, construct a (set of) macro-structures, which organize and reduce the highly complex
information to a manageable size, being
the schema on which processing (storage, recall, etc.) is based.
In another
framework of discourse
description, e.g. at
the more general semiotic or, more in particular rhetorical,
levels,macro-structures of discourse are the
basis for specific
constraints from other
systems. Thus, narrative
structures may be
mapped onto a
discourse, thus assigning
specific narrative functions
to parts of
the discourse, e.g.
setting, complication,
resolution, moral, etc.
These narrative categories,
however, do not map onto individual sentences/propositions, but onto macro-structures of the discourse.
The complication of a story may for instance be expressed by a whole sequence,
e.g. several paragraphs or a chapter, of
the story, of which the global semantic coherence is defined in terms of
macrostructure.
Being a
semantic notion, macro-structures are alsocharacterized in terms of propositions or conceptual networks of the
usualkind.
Macro-structures are Teun A. Van Dijk. P. 100-101 Teun A. Van Dijk. P. 100-101 Teun A. Van Dijk. P. 100- Teun A. Van Dijk P. 101 Teun A. Van Dijk P. 101 Teun A. Van Dijk P. 101 obtained
by semantic mappings (transformations) applied to the local, sentential meanings of the discourse. These mappings are
called macro-rules.
The different kinds
of macro-rules generalize,
delete and construct
with respect to
those sentential meanings.
At the formal, theoretical level, it
represents the cognitive processes/operations
of information reduction.
A typical example is given by a discourse
(fragment) in which
we read about
the different details
of house building:
we map the
respective sentences onto
the macro-proposition A is building a house, representing our global
understanding of that passage.
Furthermore, the study of ‘macro-structure’
has concentrated almost whole on the
narrative texts, and
primarily on fictional
texts, short stories,
novels and folk tales. Labov Narrative is a
recapitulation of personal experience in
which the sequence of
narrative units usually
indicates the order
of the events
being reported.
Narrative clauses are independent clauses with
verbs in the indicative mood and
(in English) the
simple past tense,
the historical present,
or the past progressive.
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