CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the
background of the study, problems of the study, objective s of the study, significance of the
study, scope and limitation, and definition
of the key term.
1.1 Background of the Study The use of hesitation is one real example of
psycholinguistics applications, for example,
that girl is very ….you know…clever. Fromkin, Blair, and Collin (1999:360) in their book “An Introduction to
Language” state that psycholinguistics
is the area of linguistics that concerned with linguistics performance how we use our linguistics
competence our knowledge in speech (or sign)
production and comprehension.
Many researchers have defined
hesitation from various definitions.
According Rabold from Filled
Pauses Research Centre(FPRC) who has research about filled pause in th August 2002, hesitation is said while fluid
speechis usually considered advantageous
in spontaneous human communication. Human speech, here, she means speech that is not
preparedor spontaneous speech, and the
discourse is being organized ‘on the fly’, is punctuated with and interrupted
by a wide variety of seemingly
meaningless words like “uh, um, well, like, you know”.
Based on Foss & Hakes (1978:
49) hesitation is pause that occurs between linguistics units and utterance. Levin,
Silverman &Ford (1967: 126) stated hesitations
are more numerous when the utterance ison a difficult topic than when it is on a simple one. In addition, Fodor
(1974: 420) said that there are many types of speech error that might be examined, two
such phenomena have received most of the
experimental attention: hesitation pauses and slip of the tongue (or “spoonerism”).
Therefore, we can conclude that
hesitation is a pause or indefinite words that usually happen on spontaneous human
communication.
In spontaneous speech, the
speaker sometimes produces “incorrect” sentences
because the speaker has less background knowledge on the topic being talked about or has limitation in memory and
intention.
This research was conducted due
to the fact that hesitation often occurs when a speaker delivers speech especially when
theyuse foreign language. Then, the
speaker always watches phenomena closely, that now days many people have been confused, misunderstood, misinterpreted,
or they have got wrong information
caused by error in speech, specificallythe hesitation in giving information, such as: news program, teaching
and learning in the class and so on.
Based on the reasons above, this
study is very important to conduct to identify the types and the reasons for the speaker to make
hesitation in speaking or in delivering
speech.
This research investigates the
hesitation made by people in the interactive program of RRI Malang: “RRI Radio English”.
The reason for taking this site is because
there are many hesitation examples producedin this program compared to the other interactive program on that radio
broadcast. In interactive program, the
people speak to convey their ideas and facts. RRI Malang is claimed by its director as becoming more popular and modern
radio station. Its program can be listened
as far as Gresik area, Surabaya, Blitar and so on.
RRI Malang produces an
interactive program called RRI Radio English program. RRI Radio English program is
broadcast from 08.30 am until 09.30 am every
Sunday of a week. The hosts are Mr. Janiar Sinaga and Lita. The researcher focus on Janiar Sinaga only because he is the
real host of that program, but Lita is a
student of Junior High School and she interested in broadcasting.
RRI Radio English is the only one
of RRI Malang program. It is an interactive
program using English language as a medium of instruction. It is an interesting program because it is guided by
the broadcaster who is able to speak English
well. In addition, the broadcaster gives a certain topics without neglecting some ethnic or some communities, and sometimes
inviting the guest to let the listeners
argue or propose their opinion about those topics through telephone calls.
Moreover, the broadcaster gives
chances to the listeners to share their problem.
There are some researchers who
have already searched hesitation. Gosy (1994),
for example, conduct a research on the Patterns of Speech Sounds in Unscripted Communication Production Perception
Phonology, Abstract on the Double
Function of Pauses in Spontaneous Speech.She analyzed the types and characteristics of the disfluencies of 15 minutes
spontaneous speech sample since she
intended to explain the hypothesized double function of pauses in term of perceptual necessity from the listener’s side.
Her result showed that disfluencies were
consequences of the speaker’s speech planning processes, their reason and occurrences were unconsciously known by the
listener as well, the disfluencies were
relatively well-predicted, and the listener needed pauses and hesitations in order to comprehend in the heard text
successfully.
Another researcher doing a study
on hesitation was Lynne Hansen, Junko Tsuyakama,
and Ryan Ottley (2000) from Brigmam Young University, Hawaii.
They observed hesitation
phenomena in L2 Japanese attrition. They observed reports on a cross-sectional study of
hesitation phenomena and laughter in the L2 Japanese of adult learners and attrition. The
learners were American in Japan over a
two years period, the attrition were returnees back in the united states for
times ranging from one to forty years, a
control group was to examine, both quantitatively
and in terms of function in the discourse, the development of pause behavior and laughter in second language
progression and regression.
Following up earlier analyses of
hesitation phenomena in narratives, they focus on silent pause and filler, both
Japanese andEnglish, in Japanese story. The pauses are qualified, timed, and categorized
according to target language adequacy of
the immediately following discourse. A seemingly invisible yet ubiquitous feature of oral communication is
also qualified, and categorized according
to apparent communicative function. Finally, attrition rate, as revealed in the hesitation variables examined, is
related topersonal and social variables which
may affect language maintenance.
Fern L Johnson and Leslie K Davis
(2000) also have observed hesitation phenomena
in the language of family conversations across three conversational styles in three formats of television
programming in the USA. The research investigated
the nature and frequency of hesitationphenomena in speech as presented within content segment featuring
interaction among family members on three
modes of television programming: documentary,prime time and soap opera.
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