CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter elaborates on the
background of the study, statements of the problems, objectives of the study,
significance of the study, scope and
limitation of the study and
clarification definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Since a language still plays as very vital
role in advancing civilization, as a means to
exchange message, language
enables human beings
preserve and develop
their civilization. By
language, human beings
can transfer their
ideas, share their thought, and
create civilization (Boey,1975, p.1). So we are requested to
use the good
and right language
in order we
can avoid misunderstanding.
Confisisius (as
cited in Raharjo,
2002, p. IV) reminded us to use
the good
and right language in order we
will not make problem and disturbance in society. Our God, moreover, says in holly Qur’an "kind words and the covering of faults
are better than charity followed by injury.
God is free of all wants and the most forbearing".
Hereby, God recommends us to
speak well and forgiveeach others because those are
better than giving
reward but we
offend somebody else
by saying hurting words.
Beside we
are requested to use good
and right language,
we are also ordered
to apply better ways in producing the language in order we can control our thought, enable our focus and to think
logically and systematically as well as avoid
from forgetness (al-Uqshari: 2006). Thus, we will learn it in genre.
Most approaches to discourse
explicitly or implicitly address the question of genre. Genre, as already noted, is one of
the items in Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING grid
for the analysis of speech events. Furthermore, he stated that if we want our speaking
to run correctly
and go smoothly
we have to
consider or follow
the abbreviation of SPEAKING
(Chaer & Agustina, 1995). Those
consist of setting and scene,
participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, genre.
However, this research does not
analyze the whole SPEAKING model of Dell
Hymes, it just focuses on the genre because itinvestigates the interview of Hillary Clinton in which the most appropriate
approaches to analyze the interview phenomenon
is genre for genre itself deals with debate, interview, meeting,
crossexamination, and so forth (Rogers :2007).
Genre is a part of discourse
analysis. It deals with a use of language which conforms
to certain schematic
and textual convention,
as agreed by
particular discourse community
(Widdowson 2007, p. 129). Thesemean that people will communicate
among them following
the rules or
culture which is
applied or believed by them. In addition, genre can be
attached in meeting, interview, crossexamination, debate
and so on.
Furthermore, Finegan (2004) viewed
genres or speech
events are defined
as ways of
interacting or description of the
organizational properties of
interactions (turn taking and pausing, adjacency pairs, opening sequences, closing sequences,
conversational routines and politeness).
According to
Davies and Elder
(2004) genre is
the set of
purposedetermined
conventions in accordance
with which the discourse
proceeds on a particular
occasion. These include the staged patterning of the discourse, typical topics, and features of register. It means
that if we are speaking we have to pay attention on the topic, where, who, and to
whom. Inaddition, the components of speech that
were declared by
Fhisman in Chaer
(1995) are who
speaks, what language, to whom, when, and what end.
Therefore, talking about genre,
it cannot be separated from social structure because
genre systems can
play an intermediate
role between institutional structural properties and individual communicative action
(Miller, 199&Swales, 1993 as cited in Berkenkotter, 1994). In
addition, Günthner & Knobauch (1995:
as cited in Berkenkotter 1994) stated “Communicative genres are not to be separated
from the social structural features.
They are
links between subjective
stocks of knowledge
and the social
structures of a community.
Genres fulfill important functions with
respect to coping with, transmission and
traditionalization of intersubjective experience
of the life-world.
On the one
hand they facilitate
the transmission of
knowledge by guiding
the interactants’ expectations about
what is to
be said. On
the other hand
they are the
sediments of socially
relevant communicative processes,
as only those
processes may be expected to
be fixed into genres
which are of some relevance to the social actors.
Gleason and Ratner (1993), on the
other hand, statethat genre will occur when
people are interacting among them; mostly theywill transfer their thought, ideas, and purposes using three ways. Those
are narrative, expository and humor.
This research is going to take
one example of conversation that occurred in RCTI TV
of Indonesia among
Monica and Clinton.
Clinton says “there
is so much excitement
in the air here. You can just feel all the activity, and the culture, and the artists and a very good sense of what the
future holds”.Her utterance can be interpreted that
expository is used
in answering Monica’s question
because she made statement that occurred at that time.
As explained
above, this research
investigates the genre
of Hillary Clinton’s interview when she visited Indonesia
on 19 February 2009 after being pronounced
as Foreign Ministry on 22 of January 2009. It analyzes how Hillary Clinton interacts with other countries. This
research believes that Hillary Clinton used a
language not only
for communication or
answering the interviewer’s questions but also for other purposes. She
brought various aims that she was going to achieve
and reach from
this country soon.
Therefore, study of
discourse especially about
genre is needed
because we will
know how the
speakers or interviewees
especially Hillary Clinton
use genre for
reaching her aims
or purposes. Furthermore
the purpose of
Hillary Clinton is
to conform to
people's discourse community
because not all of the countries in this world use English; still
many others use
their own language.
So the researcher
is very sure
that Hillary Clinton used certain
or special languages or ways in her communication that
she seldom applies
in her daily
life in order
the listeners will
feel easy in getting or
understanding the messages
and also for
avoiding the misunderstanding.
However, there
are some relevant
researches on genre
analysis. Caron Berkenkotter
(1994) examines speech
genres in the
context of institutional settings. She shows that studies of setting
have importance for understanding the ways
in which students’ use of speech genres is intertwined with social practices, tool-use,
and institutional objectives.
Cristina Messineo (2008)
researches on a collaborative approach that
relates the description of linguistic
structures to the study of discourse as verbal art greatly
enriches the documentation of endangered languages.
She finds two
aspects of indigenous
language research—fieldwork, and
the documentation of
genres in languages
with an oral
tradition—are generally not
specified in conjunction
with academic work,
but are essential to language
documentation. Siti Nurcahyati (2008) studies on the process and genre approach in writing subject. The result of her
study is the students can improve their
writing skill due to the process and genre approach. Due to
the fact that the previous studies only concerned with genre used by students or genre in educational perspective,
this research analyzes the genre used by
one of the government, or it analyzes the genre in discourse perspective.
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