CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study,
statement of the problem, objective of
the study, scope and limitation, significance of the study, and the definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the study As the students of the State Islamic
University or well-known as Universitas
Islam Negeri (UIN) of Malang we know that at this moment this campus has some new buildings. After the big
reconstruction of the most buildings in
UIN-Malang we have found there are many directional signs and warning signs posted at certain places and of
course they have certain purposes.
Those directional and warning
signs are usually in the forms of short written texts.
The policy maker may consider it
as a more effective and appropriate way to convey message than the oral one. In any
cases, theeffectiveness of directional and
warning signs depends very much on several aspects such as the readers background knowledge, the language used, the
placeswhere those are posted. For an
example, a warning sign posted in my faculty, humanities and culture faculty, it is very familiar for us “please be quite!
There is a meeting”. This is a simple utterance
but the readers can get the point of whatthe maker wants, using these minimum words which convey a maximum message.
The phenomenon that the researcher describes
aboveleads her attention to analyze the
other warning and directional signs which are posted at UIN Malang.
Direction is guidance,
information or instruction about what to do, where to go, and how to do something while warning is
caution, advice about possible risk or danger.
A sign is anything that stands for anything
else or represents something such as an
idea, an experience, an object and etc, but in this study, it has different meanings. A sign is the part of
synchronic linguistics area, because It
is more serious in discussing the language phenomena . Ferdinand de Saussure stated that in analyzing a language, the areas
are devided into two areas , those are: Diachronic linguistics area (it concerns
with history and dynamics of languages),
and Synchronic linguistics area (it concerns with analyzing about language as a system in a certain time).
Synchronic linguistic area has
four functions of language: fisrt, is Code, a thing that represent another thing but it is
more complete, for example; Communicated
by hand signal. Second, is Sign, a thing that represent another Compiled team “OXFORD: advanced learner’s
dictionary” Oxford: oxford university press. 2000: 1341 Ibid,
2000: 1100 Syukur Ibrahim
“Aliran-aliran linguistik” Surabaya: Usaha Nasional 1985: 55 Sakban Rosidi “Life and ideas of F. de
Saussure” for school of linguistics class discussion. 2007: 1 thing but different with the reality and has
singlemeaning, as an example; traffic light
(red=stop, yellow=careful, green=go a head). Third, is Icon, a thing represent another thing but it is the same with the real
(similar to the reality), for example; two
dimensions (picture), three dimensions (miniature). Finally, is Symbol, a thing
that represents another thing which is
including (icon, sign, and code).
Moreover, Saussure investigates
language as a structured system of sign .
He explains that there is a system of
sign, well-knownas Signified and Signifier. A signifier is the linguistics value of a word (representation
of sound), and a signified is property
of studying for a concept (representation of letters). So, the word sign in this study is not a sign as
anything that stands for anything else, but only a board or notice used for warning and
directing somebody toward something.
Directional and warning signs
need to be analyzed using explicature because
not all the readers really understand the message in short written texts or utterances used in directional and warning
signs.
As an example, in front of my
faculty once happenedsome accidents, one of the causes is that some riders of motorcycle may
not understand the warning “MAX 10 KM”.
That is the impact of not understand the warning signs.The utterances can be interpreted explicitly in order that
utterance is clear and avoids ambiguity.
Explicature may help the readers
in understanding the uttterances used in directionals and warning signs which are
posted at the state Islamic University (UIN)
of Malang. This research is not only interesting but also important to do Ibid, 2007:103 because it has significant important impacts
for the readers. But, this study does not
concern with the impacts. But it focuses on howthe explicature is used in directional and warning signs. Thus, it is
important to reveal the meanings of directional
and warning signs using explicature theory of Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory.
Sperber and Wilson stated that an
explicature is aninference or series of inferences
which enrich the under-determined form of the utterance to a full propositional form.
In other discussion, they also stated that an
explicature is an enrichment of an
original utterance or an explicitly communicated assumption.
It is
entirely different from implicature that is implicitly communicated or inferred
from an utterance but that is not a
condition for the truth of the utterance.
Explicature is explicitly communicated
assumption or interpreted explicitly based on the original utterances.
This present study is closely
related to some previous studies. Suliha (2004) analyzed explicature and themes found
in thefood advertisements broadcasted by
Indosiar TV. She found that the theme in the food advertisements belongs to explicature and high level of
explicature. Yazid (2005) studied slogans of advertisements using theory of explicature
and cooperative principle proposed by
Grice. He found that in writing the slogan, the advertisers give certain
contexts the readers must understand.
Hidayat (2006), who analyzed the explicature used in the titles issued by English Tempo
magazine, found the titles issued are written Grundy, peter. “Doing pragmatics-second
edition”. London: Arnold-by Oxford university press.
New York: 2000: 102&105.
Ibid, 2000: 112 Ibid, 2000: 112 in phrases using a simple language but closely
related to high level of explecature, and
viewed from different angle by using Carston’s theory of explicature.
Based on the above discussion, I
found the relevance between those previous
studies with my research, in terms of discussing about how the explicature is used in utterances in many
kinds of information’s media, starting from
magazine, newspaper until television. The differences between previous studies with the present research is that the
previous studies are closely related to high
level of explicature, whereas in understandingthe high level of explicature we must recover the propositional attitude of
the speakers to their utterances .
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