CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the
background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, scope
and limitation, significance of the study, and definition of the key terms.
1.1. Background of the Study When
we watch formal news on television with one presentation or we listen the
preacher at mosque, we agree with the assumption says that normal human speech
is fluent. But how about in normal life? Do people speak fluently without any
errors and produce a little hesitation when they communicate with others? Real
life conversation will reveal the reliability of the presumption.
Human speech is often disfluent.
Usually it marked by frequent of repeat, restart and hesitation. Hesitation
pauses are one of the frequent features which are commonly produced. Hesitation
pauses may appear as a result of poor communication
skills (Rose, 1998). Hesitations also appear for a simple reason, breathing. As
Field says (2003) that speech may be characterized by the fact that it involves vocalization. In speech, it demands a
complex interrelationship between the tongue, teeth, soft palate, jaw and nasal
cavity as well as the ability to flex the vocal cords at will. During speaking
occur, people also demanded to have an xii
ability to breathe and utter the sounds
at the same time. So that why people, sometimes,
hesitate or make a silence period between the linguistics units of their utterances.
Hesitation is pauses of varying
length that occur when the speakers is losing their words during speaking. As
Rieger (1995) says that hesitation is pauses of varying length which are usually not left
unfilled. There are two varieties of hesitation pauses that occur during
speaking. Both are silent paused and filled paused. Silent pause is periods of
silence between the major content units of an utterance (Carroll: 1985). In
silent period, speaker does not produce any sounds or words to fill their pause. For instance, Id
like to be a teacher a fashion designer .or a doctor (those periods indicate
pauses). People also use silent pause or completion point in conversational
interaction as a maker of finishing speaking turn by pausing at the end of a
completed syntactic structure like a phrase or a sentence (Yule, 1985).
Filled pause can be defined as
gaps in fluency which are 'filled' by either such non-lexicalized sounds or
lexicalizations (Rose, 1998). This filled pause is marked by hesitation marker
such as errr, eeemm, eeenn, etc. some people also use some repetition of one or
several lexical items and lexical filler to fill pauses.
For instance, well, you know, I
think , I mean etc.
Furthermore, Rose (1998) states
that pause are ubiquitous elements of spontaneous speech. Perhaps this is
because filled pauses often produce no meaningful segments as a result of
speech processing difficulties.
xiii This research is to analyze hesitation pauses
used in conversational interaction by the fifth semester of English Letters and
Language Departments students at the State Islamic University of , how those
pauses occur in naturally occurring spoken conversation; exactly in the context
of formal conversation. The writer found that almost student of English Letters
and Language Department at the State Islamic University of ( ) used hesitation pauses during speaking,
when they make conversation with their friends and when they are in class room
discussion. For instance, one of the students used filled pause eee when she
continuous her speaking turn and seems like she wants to dominate conversation,
and there were still any other students also used hesitation pauses during
speaking and speaking turn.
There are many studies about
hesitation pauses previously done as follow: Rieger (1995) in Communicative
strategies in the second language classroom
investigated the hesitation strategies and self repair strategies of intermediate
learners of German as second or foreign language (L2) when they take part in
oral L2 test. Atik Husnawati (2007) in A Psycholinguistics study on hesitation
in Ahmed Deedats debated with Christian missionaries investigated kinds and function of pauses in speech.
The writer had some similarities
with both of them that were the topic of the research, but the differences were
on speech. Both researchers investigate hesitation pause used in monolog while
the writer investigate hesitation pauses used in conversation with two or more
people. The writer found that hesitation pauses take an important role in
natural conversation, especially in turn-taking in xiv English
conversation. They used as signal to open the conversation, to take place for the
speaker in turn-taking, to think first before conting their speech, etc.
1.2. Problems of the Study The
research is conducted to find the answers of the research problems, they are: 1.
What kinds of hesitation pauses are used by the students of English Letters and
Language Department of the State Islamic University of ? 2. How do hesitation
pauses occur between the students of English Letters and Language Department
of the State Islamic University of s conversation?
1.3. Objectives of the Study Based on
the problems above, the objectives of the study are aimed at: 1. giving the
detail descriptions about kinds of hesitation pauses used by the students of
English Letters and Language Department of the State Islamic University of ; and
2. identifying occurrence of the hesitation pauses between the students of
English Letters and Language Department
of the State Islamic University of s conversation.
1.4. Scope and Limitation This
research focuses on the study of hesitation pauses in conversational interaction
by analyzing the concurrency of filled and silent pauses at speech and xv their
function, especially in turn-taking of conversation between two or three students
of the Fifth Semester of English Letters and Language Department of the State
Islamic University of . The writer observed them for three weeks. 1.5.
Significance of the Study Theoretically, the findings of the study are expected
the writer can support the assumption that people always produce a little
hesitation during speaking that caused disfluency in speech. These findings
specifically are to support the assumption that the fifth semester of English
Letters and Language Department of the State Islamic University of s students
often produce hesitation pauses during speaking English at the class.
Practically, the result of the
study is expected to give valuable contribution to the students of English
Letters and Language Department.
Knowing language production which
is focused on the hesitation pauses will give them valuable knowledge. For
further research, it can be developed to provide more comprehensive data by
using the students of English Letters and Language Department of the State
Islamic University of as an object of
research.
1.6. Definition of the Key Terms In
order to avoid misunderstanding in interpreting the terms used in this study, the definitions are given as follow: xvi Hesitation: is periods of silent that
occur during speaking used in conversational interaction, focused on
turn-taking by the English Letters and Language Departments of the State
Islamic Universitys students.
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