CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents and discusses about
background of study, problems of the
study, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and definition of the
key terms.
1.7 Background of the Study Human beings always communicate with others.
They can convey ideas and feeling by
many ways. For example by using the paralinguistic techniques that do not involve vocalization like hand
signals, facial expressions, body language,
nods, smiles, and winks (Field, 2003:4). Besides, there is one most important way to communicate. It is language.
According to Clark (1977:7)
language is fundamentally an instrument of communication. People talk as a way
ofconveying ideas to other, answer questions,
register promises, and so forth. Language is oral or the oral symbols represent meaning as they are related to real
life situation and experiences.
Language can be used not only as
means of communication but also as means
to express our feelings, ideas, thoughts, and whatever exists in our mind.
Although, someone does not
express his/her sadness, happiness, and also nervousness verbally, we can see it from the
language that is used or uttered.
Since the 1950’s, was a new
science in language discipline psycholinguistics.
Although psycholinguistics has been recognized at that time, psychologists’ interest in language goesas far
back as the beginnings of experimental
psychology in the late 1800s(Carrol, 1986:10). Fromkin, Blair, and Collins in their book “An Introduction to
Language” state that psycholinguistics is the area of linguistics that is concerned with
linguistics performance how we use our
linguistic competences our knowledge of language in speech (or sign) production and comprehension.
This research focuses on language
production. According to Carrol (1985:252)
language production is an intrinsically more difficult subject to study than language comprehension, and, as a
consequence, far more is presently known about receiving language than producing
language. This primarily because it is easier
to study the process of going from speech to thought than the other way around. Although speech is observable, the
ideas derived from or leading to speech
are far more elusive. In comprehension, it is relatively easy to specify the ideas that a person extracts from a segment of
speech; for example compare the recall
of a text with its original version. With production, the very origin, not simply the sequences of the process mustbe
observed, identified, and categorized.
We realized that there is
relation between language production and communication. Clark (1977:3-4) states that
communication with language is carried
out through two basic human activities: speaking and listening. In speaking, people put ideas into words, talking
about perceptions, feelings, and intentions
they want other people to grasp. In listening, they turn words into ideas, trying to reconstruct the perceptions,
feelings and intentions they were meant to grasp. Speaking and listening ought to reveal
something fundamental about the main and
how it deals with perceptions, feelings, and intentions. Speaking and listening, however, are more than that. They
are the tools in which people use them
in more global activities. People talk inorder to convey facts, ask for favors,
and make promises and other listen in
order to receive this information. There actions in turn are the pieces out of which
casual conversations, negotiations, and other
social exchanges are formed. So speaking and listening ought to tell us a great deal about social of cultural activities
too.
In our daily communication,
either consciously or unconsciously, we always
make some hesitations. It means that we have problem in our communication. That is why the researcher
isvery interested in making a research about
hesitation. Hesitation is one of types of speech errors that have received most of the experimental attention (Fodor,
1974:420). Besides, the researcher wants
to improve her knowledgein psycholinguistics field.
In this research, the researcher
focuses on the hesitation because she thought
that it is very important. The researcher always watches phenomena closely, that now days many people have been
confused, misunderstood, misinterpreted,
or they have got wrong information caused by some errors in speech, specifically the hesitation in giving
information especially for formal information
like news program. We know thatwhen all people have hesitation in speaking, it can make the listener confused,
misunderstanding, or get unclear information.
This research was conducted due
to the fact that the phenomena of hesitation
often happen when people deliver speech specifically when the language is foreign language. Based on thisreason,
this study is very important to know the
factors that often cause hesitation in speaking and delivering speech.
This research was conducted in
the interactive program.
The researcher chooses the
interactive program to observe. We know that interactive is a shape of communication. In
interactive,the people speak to convey their
ideas and facts. They also have an argument about something which opposed. Interactive are often held in
publicplaces, or are broadcast on radio and TV. Interactive programs also often recording
in cassette orcompact disk to be an important
document.
The researcher focused on the
hesitation special in the interactive program of Groovy Chat in MAS FM Radio in her
research. For the researcher, the interactive
program of Groovy Chat in MAS FM Radio is very interesting to investigate and it is exiting to be analyzed,
as the broadcaster gives certain topics in
everyday presentation and sometime presents the guest to let the listeners
argue or propose their opinions about
those topics through telephone calls. In addition, the broadcaster gives chances to the listeners
to share the problems, or express feeling
to someone by using English. It is expected to be away or contribution to minimize the existence of the hesitation
ininteractive, especially in giving information
and others in communicating. Groovy Chat is guide by the broadcaster who is able to speak English well.
So, in order to improve the English ability
of the people around Malang, MAS FM presents an English program and conducts English Community gathering.
The researcher chooses MAS FM
Radio as research object because it has a different uniqueness which not had by other
radio. The uniqueness of MAS FM Radio is
a popular and modern radio, and also most of programs in MAS FM Radio give information and educate people
about politic, economy, social and always
present useful messages. MAS FM Radio as an education radio because there is education about howwe can practice
our English. MAS FM Radio is one kind of
public broadcast radio in Malang which has some programs by using English in their conversation. So, in order to
improve the English ability of the people
around Malang, MAS FM presentsan English program and conducts English Community gathering. The members of
MAS FM English Community always gather
once every month to discuss and converse in English. Besides, the researcher did it because she wanted to
develop her knowledge in psycholinguistics.
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