CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In this
chapter the researcher
wants to discusses
background of study, problem of study, objective of study,
significance of study, scope and limitation of study and definition of key term
that appear in the thesis.
1.1 Background of the Study Literature is
a part of
art, which shows
values of factual
and imaginative beauty. It
gives consolidation and
spiritual satisfaction to
the reader, because literary work
is closely related
to human life.
Mangunwijaya (1984:9) states
that literary work is
one of oldest
segments of human
culture. Literature is
a tool that brings
us to know
the world around
us through the
imagination. It means
the literature will contribute
a lot of
information about events
happening either in other places or countries and the reader
probably never undergo there.
Reading literary
work is not
for entertainment only,
but it can
broaden the readers’ general
knowledge. Both intrinsic
and extrinsic elements
of novel, such as
theme, plot, character
or even conflict
make the reader
of literary work interested in
reading. Indeed, if the intrinsic
elements are written
in a good
way, the reader will
enjoy the story
until they feel
come join into
the story. Like intrinsic elements,
extrinsic elements such
as social, political
or cultural background also
determines whether the
novel is very
interesting to read
or not.
Ever well
written extrinsic, can be very
stimulating, interesting and
enjoyable in its
own right so
that they can
arise the reader
emotion, opinion, and
judgment toward the story to make the story is more interesting to be
read by reader because all aspect that contains in the literary work are
absolutely belongs the author. Even though,
sometimes there are
influences from environment
around the author where they ever live.
There are many kinds of literary
work in the world that had been translated into motion picture a views of them
that famous enough are: Harry Potter and
the order of the
phoenix written by
Joanne Kathryn Rowling,
The Last Samurai written by Edward Zwick, And The
Chronicle of Narnia (The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe)
written by Clive
Staples Lewis, almost
all this novel
full of novel imagination from
the author to
entertain the reader
or audience but
in this paper the
writer just take
the novel, especially
Memoirs of a
Geisha by Arthur
Golden that has been
translated into motion
picture too but
different from 3
(three) other, this novel
is talk about
some other side
of the society
from human life.
Actually, film is one
of the modern
literary work gave
the reader and
the audience understanding about
the life. It is the
reflection of the
life. The script
of the film include
in genre of
novel which is
one of literary
work. But there
is little analysis in movie
script. That why
the researcher tries
to explore and
analyze the novel that supported by movie script to show
the importance it for the student.
According to
John Peck and
Martin Coyle, it
is true that
writters are moralist, they
examine the relations
between an individual
and society and
put forward their ideas about how should people
behave but it would be
too simple to say
that the important
thing about their
novel is the
massage they preach (1986:103) The
opinion from Glickberg
(1967:75) about the
content of literature
is concern to the society same as Levin’s statement said that literature
is not only the effect of social
causes but also
the causes of
social effect. Both
opinions of experts make
assumption that literary
work had relation
between social life
and literature in cause
effect relation. It
means that, we can
not separate the
literature from sociological because
society can create
literature and literature
reflect the sociological life
especially at that time the author was life.
Sociological is
one of the
ways to analyze
literary work that
focused on the human
problem in society
to face their
environment based on
imagination, feeling and also
intuition. Means what
idea literary works
try to deliver,
because literary works are
kind of way
people learn and
teach, the way
people say, hear, and
see a real
life. It will
bring them to
wisdom in seeing
in the world
event with another way
because there are
many way to
understand something real
or even fiction. Human
is the creature
that blesses gift
mind and heart
feeling by the
God to think and feel something in this world.
The story
of Memoirs of
Geisha begins from
the point of
view of Nita Sayuri.
She also periodically
explains different aspects
of geisha life.
Sayuri recalls her early
childhood as Chiyo
Sakamoto, a young
girl who along
with her sister Satsu
sold into a life of
servitude by her
parents when she
was nine years old.
Chiyo is taken
in by unsympathetic
proprietress of the
Nitta geisha house whom
she addresses as
“Mother”. She had
friend, her name
Pumpkin. Her life
is full of sorrow
until she wants
to end his
life by jump
into river or
runaway from Mother
House but God
had different destiny
for Chiyo. She
met with Mr.
Chairman who
make her heart
beating again and
she had new
purpose in his
life, she wants to
payback what Mr.
Chairman had been
given to her
even just only some candies and handcrafts to sweep his
sweat.
Chiyo also meet with Mameha. She
buys Chiyo from Mother to educate to become
a famous Geisha
to take place
her position now.
Mameha teach all knowledge
that she know
about geisha’s life
to Chiyo. She
also had her
own purpose when she teach Chiyo but in the other hand she also too kind
to Chiyo.
Her daily was change when she
becoming a well-known geisha in the city.
Chiyo’s life slowly but
sure better than
before, because she
had many fans
who always waiting for her performance. Not only the citizens but also
some important people in the
city sacrifice and
spend a lot
of money to
enjoy her performance.
But unfortunately,
life is not so easy
just like in
Chiyo’s mind. It’s
happen when Japan had been
attacked by other country and make almost entire city damage.
If someone
release that they
can do something,
even though they
fall in once, they won’t be again in twice. It’s seemed as Chiyo, she rebuilt popularity of geisha that
long time ago
disappears covered by
civil war. In
this novel, we can
see a women who strong enough to fight against society and the sorrow of her
life, because human being should not give up to their faith.
The researcher
is interested in
this novel since
the researcher read
it and find that
the novel could
reflect women concept
of beauty, even
thought sometimes people said
that a geisha
was a bad
woman that no
need to live
in the world, it
is why the
researcher takes this
novel to be
analysis. Beside that,
the novel that
had been translated
into motion picture
had deeply explore
that should be appropriate
to analyze. The
novel of Memoirs
of a Geisha
had women struggling illustration
which is show
in almost all the story of this novel. It is
also showing up the
true and real
meaning of “Geisha”
that sometime had
different or slang meaning
in society because
Arthur Golden want
to give the
direction to understand about the
real Geisha.
A study on Memoirs of a Geisha
has been conducted by Nikmal Azakiyah, a
student of UIN
Malang. In her
study, she has
analyzed plot and
theme of Memoirs of
a Geisha. In
her analysis she
used the movie
script version. That’s way
the researcher wants
to conduct the
novel Memoirs of
a Geisha. And
one more that make
the researcher inspired
is Alfiyah Rahmawati,
a student of UIN
Malang that also
use same novel
Memoirs of a Geisha
by Arthur Golden
in using readers’ interpretation. This
study, directly and
indirectly inspired the
researcher to conduct a study of Memoirs of a Geisha.
1.2 Statement of the Problems Considering the
points discussed in the background
of the study,
the problem that will discuss are formulated as follows: 1. What
is beauty concept
of geisha described
in Memoirs of
a Geisha by Arthur Golden? 2. How does the concept of beauty reflect
Japanese ideals of women? 1.3 Objectives of the Study Considering to
the statement of the problem
above, the objective
of this study are: 1. to describe the beauty concept of geisha
described in Memoirs of a Geisha by
Arthur Golden.
2. to
explain how does
the concept of
beauty reflect Japanese
ideals of women.
1.4 Scope and Limitation The
novel of Memoirs of a Geisha consists of many aspects like to explain the researcher
in the early
of this paper
which are interesting
to be analyzed
start from intrinsic aspect and also extrinsic aspect. But the
researcher decided to scope only
focused on Geisha in
Japanese Culture in that
novel which written by Arthur Golden, and the limitation focused
on concept of beauty, so that the study will not be wide.
1.5 Significance of the Study The
result of study
is expected to be
able to
give some contributions, both theoretical and practical, such as: a) For
the reader, to
understand the content
of Memoirs of
a Geisha by Arthur
Golden especially Geisha
in the Japanese
culture that full
of challenge to be fight and struggle in the society.
b) For
the next researcher,
as reference in
conducting the study
of novel Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden.
c) To
give inspiration to
other researcher, especially
in UIN Maliki
Malang to conduct research on literature.
1.6 Research Methodology 1.6.1
Research Design In this study,
the researcher uses
literary criticism because
the researcher conducts discussion
of literature that
is the novel
Memoirs of a Geisha by
Arthur Golden. The researcher
looks at the
novel by paying
attention to the
Geisha’s concept of beauty that appears in script of the novel Memoirs
of a Geisha.
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