CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study Literature
is a piece of writing which expresses and communicates through feeling and
human attitude in literary work, we can find many kinds of works that may
certain anything which can be found in our life. A literary works can be portraying
of the author’s life. By their work, they can expresses his or her imagination
through idea, mind, and psychological experience.
Concerning with literature is
literary criticism that discussing about individual works of the literature.
Every literary works of literature has historical context that produce literary
work itself. There are many kinds of literary works such as drama, poem, novel,
etc. In this case, the researcher wants to analyze the novel, since she finds
the easier than poetry or drama. It is due to the fact that novel has a lot of
dialogues, descriptions and a long story. It gives clearer and deeper
explanation. Another reason why the researcher chooses the novel because a
novel has a prose narrative, which describe characters and situations typical a
real life within the frame work of plot, can entertain people as well as
develop their imagination.
The primary purpose of novel is
to entertain the readers. By some novelist, novel is made from a genre, which
has been traditionally read primarily for entertainment, into a vehicle for the
serious expressions of ideas. One of the novelists is Ernest Hemingway. Ernest
Hemingway was American writer and journalist. He was part of the 1920s
expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later
known as “The lost generation”. He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The
Old Man and the Sea, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. The Sun Also
Rises is considered as one of Hemingway’s best novels alongside A Farewell to
Arms and For Whom the Bells Tools. It is considered as ground breaking in its
economic use of language for creating atmosphere and recording dialogue.
Hemingway also has more ability in expressing his feeling through his dialogue.
Hemingway has often described as a master dialogue. Hemingway is really strong
writer in choosing his words to make the story comes alive, like in The Sun
Also Rises, he does an excellent job of revealing the characters by expressing
their feeling through dialogues.
The reason of choosing the novel
is due to the fact that this is one of Hemingway’s best novels and is also
regarded as Hemingway’s first major novel.
The Sun Also Rises is his first
successful novel which achieved widespread popularity. In The Sun Also Rises,
Hemingway’s vision of life is reflected in it and it is the result of his own
personal experiences during his youth as a volunteer in Italy in the first
world war and as a war correspondent during the Spanish civil war. This novel
is essentially an expression of everything Hemingway is expression in Italy
about war, the courage and bravery in war and life itself. These are the
experiences that lead to his almost obsessive preoccupation with the realities
of death and violence. Hemingway feels that human should live in order to meet
the challenges of life with courage and honor, among Hemingway’s other works.
The Sun Also Rises was published
to establish his reputation and brought fame to both the novel and “The Lost
Generation”, the generation’s of 20’s. It is a group of young people who become
the victims of World War I. The war turned the victims into an empty life,
changed the people into a bunch of restless and mentally hollow people. Jake
Barnes is the main character in this novel, Jake Barnes is no exception.
In The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway
explores the struggle and the concern in tragic world that is overshadowed by
anguish and despair, it is possible to survive and even extract a certain
measure of happiness by disillusioned paying the prize exacted of it. This
story is centered on struggle of Jake Barnes to adjust himself to the effect of
his wound and the desire he has for the great love of his life. The severe
physical wound he has suffered suggests an equally severe physic injury. In
trying to come to terms with his emasculation Jake suffers defeat but the end,
also kind of victory. Jake Barnes, an expatriate American, who was made impotent
from wounds suffered while fighting in World War II, is in love with Brett
Ashley, but can not have her.
On one level, Jake's antagonist
is Brett Ashley, who loves Jake, but who cannot stay with him because of
problems she suffers due to her own loss of a young lover during the war. Brett
stays close to Jake, but maintains multiple other lovers, a reality that
frustrates and tortures Jake even more. On a second level, the antagonist is
Jake's own difficulty connecting with his emotions, symbolized in his loss of
the ability to have sex. Jake must find a way to reconcile living with his wound.
According to Jake Barnes's
conflict, the reseacher analyze this novel by using the Victor Frankl’s theory
“ Logotherapy”. Viktor Frankl stated, “One of the main features of human
existence is the capacity to rise above such conditions, to grow beyond them.
“Man is capable of changing the world better if possible and of changing
himself for the better if necessary” "Logotherapy" as the name for
Victor Frankl’s theory. Logos is a Greek word which denotes “meaning”.
Logotherapy or as it has been called by some authors, “The Third Viennese
School of Psychotheraphy", focuses on the meaning of human existence as
well as on man’s search for such a meaning. According to logotherapy, this
striving to find a meaning of one’s life is the primary motivational force in
man (Frankl, 1985: 120). Logotherapy as a technique to get the human
existences. There are some parts of logotheraphy theory, such as: the freedom
of will, the will to meaning, the meaning of life.
The reseacher hopes by
understanding the logotherapy theory and the conflicts which happened to Jake
Barnes, we can identify and know more about the human existence of life,
getting the optimism to face our problem in daily life and getting the meaning
of life.
There are some researchers who have
ever analyzed the novel by using psychological theory, but in different novel
and different theory that they used to analyze the novel. They are: Margaretha
(2001) wrote a thesis untitled A Study of Jake Barnes Self Realization of His
Weaknesses and His Relationship with The Woman He Loves in Ernest Hemingway’s
The Sun Also Rises. The thesis is a study of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also
Rises. It focuses on Jake Barnes' self realization of his weaknesses and his
relationship with the woman he loves. She used the Gardner Murphy’s Theory.
William (2006) wrote an article
untitled Existentialist and The Father of Logotherapy. In his study, he
analyzed the nature of the person.The individual is a unity consisting of three
aspects: the body, the mind, and the spirit. The first two are closely related
and together form the psychophysicum through the teaching of Freud, Adler, and
Jung we have a working understanding of the mind and body, but have neglected
the spiritual side of human dimension. Man does not simply exist, he decides
what his existence will be. Since man can rise above biological, psychological,
and sociological conditions, on which predictions are based, they are
individually unpredictable. The third factor of individual existence is
responsibility. The individual's freedom is not only freedom from but freedom
to something, and this according to Frankl, is the individual's
responsibilities.
Logotherapy tries to make the
client fully aware of his/her own responsibilities; they must decide for what,
to what or to whom, they understand to be responsible.
Zuhriyah (2005) wrote a thesis
entitled Psychological Analysis on the Main Character of a Separate Peace by
John Knowles. In her study, she analyzed the types of personality based on
Jung’s theory about extrovet and introvert personality. The result of her
study, she finds the two main characters, Gene and Finny. Based on her
findings, she concludes that each character, Gene and Finny have different
types of persoality, since Gene and Finny were influenced by four functions of
personality. The four functions are thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition.
She also found the two types personalities of the main character, Gene was
dominant introvert because his character become a quite, an obedient rule, polite,
unsocial person, etc. Finny was dominant extrovert because he was a cheerful
boy, breaking the rule, and sociable.
Alfianah (2008) wrote a thesis
entitled A Psychological analysis on the Major Characters of Shakespeare’s
Othello. The result of her study is about aspects of personality on the major
characters such as honesty which naturally means straight, no curves, and says
the turth. She found that in this drama, it is described that a villain also
can be preserved in a role of honesty. Responsibility means dare to respond
what was he or he done. Another aspect is anxiety, Othello represents that he
apprehend that Desdemona will betray more man, and then he killed his innocent
wife. Eventually, Othello became inferior and he said that it was unfortunate
because of his foolish, unlucky ad not because of easuly jealous.
Then he commited suicide upon
discovery of his mistakes. In fact, the motivation that makes this tragedy is
simple and uncomplicated, for jaelousy.
Fuadiah (2008) wrote her thesis
entitled Psyhological Analysis of The Main Character of It Happened to Nancy
(based on the theory of motivation). She analyzed the novel from the
psychoogical aspect dealing with the theory of motivation by Abraham Maslow. The
result of her study are (1) the psychplogical condition of the main character
is fluctuating, she needs motivation to defense her life and sometimes she has
sad and depressed, in other hand she has cheerfull and tough toward her
problem, (2) the psychological condition viewed from the theory of motivation
is Nancy has fulfill the hierarchy of human needs, she has D-needs and B-needs
to against her diseases, (3) the psychological condition influence her motivation
to face her society. In esteem needs, she can prove that AIDS can not transmitted
by causal contact.
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