CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study In the holy
Al-Qur’an, Allah said: “We have indeed created man in the best of moulds.” (Q.
At-Tiin: 4) This verse tells
that Allah created
human being as
the best creature
than others. Allah privileged the
human being than other creatures by giving them brain and mind to think. In other verse of holy
Al-Qur’an, Allah said: “Verily in this is a message for any that has a heart
and understanding or who gives ear and
earnestly witnesses (the truth).” (Q. Qaaf: 37) We can conclude that the verse above tells that Allah
gave a heart, ear and mind
for human being in order they can reach the truth without doubt. In this verse Allah clarified that people who use their
heart, ear, and their mind propitiously will understand the messages and events in the
world well.
However Allah
has created human
being in the
best of moulds,
Allah also gave
deficiency and imperfection.
Therefore, there are
some imperfect people
who cannot use
their mind well
in this world
for example schizophrenic
people.
Schizophrenics cannot use their mind to
understand the reality well because they have no master stroke or common sense. As the
result, they have impairment on language and comprehension.
Language disorders
or language impairments
are disorders that
involve the processing of linguistic information. Problems
that may be experienced can involve grammar
(syntax and/or morphology), semantics (meaning), or
other aspects of language. These
problems may be
receptive (involving impaired
language comprehension),
expressive (involving language
production), or a
combination of both. Language disorder refers to a language
disability which causes the difficulties of understanding and expressing language. In
this research, the researcher discusses about language disorder on language
comprehension of schizophrenic.
Schizophrenia is a mental
illness that usually
strikes in late
adolescence or early adulthood, but can strike at any time in
life. Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease. People with
schizophrenia disease often suffer terrifying symptoms, such as hearing internal voices not
heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling
their thoughts, or plotting to harm them.
Their speech and behavior can be
so disorganized that they may be incomprehensible or frightening to
others. They have
deficit in comprehension, production,
attention and cerebral
lateralization of language.
Actually abnormal people who have
brain damage and thought disorder such as schizophrenic
still need language
for communication and
interaction to express their feeling, idea, thought and what they
want. In fact, an abnormal people with brain damage
and thought disorder
are difficult to
communicate because they
have difficulties in
language production and
comprehension. Concerning with
language production of
schizophrenics, Carroll (1985: 295) stated that discourse production in schizophrenics differs significantly from
normal production, but the interpretation of these differences is far from clear-cut. There
are substantial cultural differences in the precise
rules by which
conversations are organized.
As a consequence
of these differences, it is possible for one to
experience much difficulty “following” a speaker from another language even if the words and
sentences are understood. This is inline with
what stated by
Rosenberg & Abbeduto
(1982) who defined
that the comprehension of schizophrenics appear to be
roughly normal, but their productions show
significant deficits. In fact, schizophrenics say strange things and say things
in strange ways.
Furthermore, Pavy (1968)
noted that although
the syntax of schizophrenic
speakers appears to be within normal limits, the overall organization of discourse seems to be
impaired and, in fact,
appears to be random, haphazard, and pointless.
From the
definition above, it can be
concluded that the
language comprehension of
schizophrenics is caused by their language production or language process
which shows impairment. As Schneider
(1930) claimed that
there are five features of
formal pattern language
disorder, they are;
derailment, substitutions, omission,
fusion and driveling. However Nancy Andreasen (1979: 36) divided the pattern of
language disorder into
nineteen general types:
Pressure of speech, Distractible speech, Tangentiality,
Derailment/Loose Association, Incoherence (word salad), Illogicality, Clanging,
Neologisms, Word approximations, Evasive Interaction,
Circumstantiality , Loss of
goal, Perseveration, Echolalia ,
Blocking, Stilted speech,
Self-reference, Phonemic par
aphasia, Semantic par
aphasia. In contrast Ginsberg (1985:2010) divided the
pattern of language disorders into twelve types. There are; flight of ideas, clang
associations, retardation, blocking, pressure of speech,
perseveration,
circumstantiality,
neologism, word salad,
incoherence, irrelevant answer,
derailment. By using
the types of
language disorder thus
may illuminate our understanding
of the comprehension disorder.
The movie entitled “A Beautiful
Mind” is chosen as the object of the study because
of some reasons: first,
A beautiful Mind
is one of
the best seller
movies which is adopted from real
life of schizophrenic namely John Forbes Nash. Second, the
movie tells about
schizophrenic man’s life
in Princeton, New
Jersey and gives more information
about schizophrenia disease.
Third, the movie
shows comprehension disorder
produced by schizophrenic
man “John Nash”
the main character in this movie. For example, when the
girl asks him a question in local bar “May
be you want to buy me a drink?” he answers” I don’t exactly know what I’m required to say in order for you to have
intercourse with me, but could we assume that I said all that? Essentially we’re talking
about fluid exchange, right? So, could we just go straight to the sex?” This means that he
has comprehension disorder because he cannot
understand well what the girl means. The responds has based on the idea from his hallucination friend “Charles” not from
his own idea.
Schizophrenic’s comprehension
disorder has not
explored much. In the
previous study, Istiqana (2006) conducts
a study about speech disorder of a stuttered man aged 26 and Isroatul Mukminah’s study
deals with speech disorder of a cerebral palsic man in “door to door” film. An analysis
on the language disorder especially on language
comprehension of schizophrenic is significant. This reasons motivated the researcher
to conduct a
study entitled “A
Psycholinguistic Analysis on Comprehension
Disorder of the Schizophrenic Character in “A beautiful Mind” Movie.
1.2. Research Problem Concerning
on the background of study above, the researcher formulates the following questions: 1. What are the kinds of
comprehension disorder suffered by schizophrenic? 2. What are the contexts
causing the comprehension disorder? 1.3. Objective of the Study Related to the problems above, the objectives
of this study is to give detailed explanation
about the kind of comprehension disorder suffered by schizophrenic and the contexts causing the comprehension
disorder.
1.4. Significance of the Study The result
of the study
is expected to
be able to
enrich the teaching
and learning psycholinguistics
theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the
result of the
study is expected
to give more
information about comprehension
disorder caused by
brain damage or
psychological aspect, especially
caused by schizophrenia syndrome.
Practically,
it is expected
to be useful
for psycholinguistic lecturers
and students who concern with
linguistic. Psycholinguistics lectures can use this result to widen the teaching materials in learning and
teaching comprehension disorder. This study
also will be
beneficial for students who
want to compare
the comprehension disorder and speech disorder of schizophrenia
person and that of other.
In addition, this study is
expected to be a beneficial reference, give direction and contribution for the future researchers
who are interested in investigating similar field of study.
1.5. Scope and Limitation of the
Study This research is
psycholinguistic research and
focuses on analyzing
the comprehension disorder
produced by schizophrenic. To
avoid broadening of the
discussion and
to make her
research easier, the
researcher limits the
research and focuses on analyzing comprehension disorder
produced by schizophrenic man “John Nash” the
main character in
psycholinguistic movie entitled
“A Beautiful Mind” released
in 2005. The researcher does not
analyze disorder on language
production produced by
schizophrenic. In addition the researcher uses Ginsberg theory, because it
is more relevant
with the utterances
of the data
in this research.
Ginsberg (1985:2010) divided the
pattern of comprehension disorders into twelve types. There are;
flight of ideas,
clang associations, retardation,
blocking, pressure of
speech, perseveration, circumstantiality, neologism,
word salad, incoherence, irrelevant answer and derailment.
1.6. Definition of the Key Terms To avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding on the
terms used in this study, the researcher
defines some key terms as following: Comprehension disorder : a language
disability which causes impairment of both the understanding and the expression of
language Schizophrenia : a mental
illness, in which
a person is
unable to link her
or his thoughts and feelings to real life, suffers from delusions
and withdraws increasingly
from social relationship into a life of imagination.
A Beautiful Mind : is
one of the
best seller movies
which is adopted from
real life of
schizophrenic namely John
Forbes Nash.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The reviews
below cover the
discussion of language
and brain, thought disorder,
language disorder, language
comprehension, schizophrenia (symptoms, causal factors and types of schizophrenia),
John Nash, and previous study.
2.1. Language and the Brain Before discussing
about schizophrenia, we
need to know
the relationship between
the language and
brain. Language is
conceived as a
system of signs,
an inventory of
elements, each defined
by its position
relative to the
others, or as a system of values determined solely by their
mutual relation. It should be added that language
exists in the
collectivity, in the
form of a
set of imprints
in each brain, almost like a dictionary, of which every
individual would have a copy. It is something that is
within each of
them, while at
the same time
common to them
all.
Dingwall (1975)
explains that language
is not the
only species-specific aspect
of human communicative
behavior; speech is
also specific to
human behavior. A striking dissociation
of these motor
control systems is
often seen global
aphasia, where patient
with little evidence
of speech, language
or the ability
to carry out individual
limit movements to command (idemotor praxis) can never the less respond to complex axial commands, such as stand up,
turn around, do to the door, bow and so on
(Gleason, 1998: 64). (Carroll
1986: 66) also
stated that the
study of brain regions
related to language makes our discussion of some rather abstract linguistics concepts, such as syntax, semantics, and phonology
more concrete, and then the study of brain and language raises questions about
the biological limits on language use and language
acquisition that will
be important in
our consideration of
language development. (Robert,
2004: 286) said that more areas of the brain (left hemisphere of
cortex) are involved
in linguistic function.
The left hemisphere
of the brain
is clearly implicated in
syntactical aspects of linguistic processing. It is clearly essential to
speech. The left
hemisphere also seems
to be essential
to the ability
to write.
Damage to the major left
hemisphere areas responsible for language functioning can sometimes
lead to enhanced
involvement of other
areas as language
functioning recovers.
Areas of
brain that is
responsible for language
are Broca’s area
and Wernicke’s area.
Both of them
are particularly important
in language processing, damage on the Broca’s area leads to the
disorder on language production and damage on the Wernicke’s area leads to the
comprehension disorder.
'� !
/ �� `I ed. The writer
design means the
arrangement of condition for collecting and analyzing the
data that are taken from the novelThe Tenant
of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte.
design used in
this thesis is
a literary criticism
which used feminist literary criticism as an approach to
deal with the data. In this research, the writer
uses literary criticism
with feminist approach
because this approach involved a turn towards explorations of the
society especially women problem in society.
Also, this approach involved an injustice of the men toward women in our real life.
1.6.2 Data Sources The data source of this
study was the novel The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte. All of the date were in the form
of written dialogue, monologue and expression,
which collected from the novel publish from Oxford.
1.6.3 Data Collection The data
of this study
were collected from
the novel The Tenant
of Wildfell Hall by Anne
Bronte. The writer collects the date by
reading the novel carefully and in
details for several times. After
writer does understand the clue, then
writer underlines the
important paragraphs writer
has read or
designing of date to use in analyzing. Later then, the
researcher put those data in selected order will analyses and analyses them in accordance
with the problems of study.
1.6.4 Data Analysis Concerning
with the explanation above and based the title of the novel The Tenant
of Wildfell Hall
by Anne Bronte, which is
analyze by the writer,
writer begins to analyze by
trying to find gender inequalities to women and the women struggle
by reading the novel
carefully. Then writer
marked the statements
or paragraphs, which is claimed
containing the women problems and control of the men.
The writer
then tries to
analyze them by
conducting feminist literary criticism.
This theory claims
that we can
understand the text
of literature by interpreting,
understanding and evaluating the work of literature.
Finally, after the writer succeeds in
analyzing the data by using the theory above,
he put them into the result and discussion in which we can find the finding of
the analysis. And
then after all
are in good
order, he makes
conclusion and suggestion based on the all previous chapters.
1.7 Definition of Key Terms In order
to avoid some misinterpretations of some key terms are used in this study, the following explains the terms
are used.
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