INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Analysis Nowadays, language is obviously a vital tool
in human beings’ life. People need
language to communicate one another, in which one of the key to how to communicate one another and exchange ideas.
Therefore, language is called a system
of communication and interaction, particulary in social life. Since language is very important, we must learn how
to use it properly. We must be responsible
on what and how we say. By means of language you can improve both your mind and personality.
A language is more than
apparently simple stream of sound that flows from the tounge of a native speaker. It is a
complex system of communication with various
levels of complexity involving intricate selection and ordering of meanings, sounds, and larger units and
arrangements.
Linguists and others have defined
language in various ways rather than attempting
a full definition here, we will identify language by pointing out some distinctive features. Hall (1968:158) cites:
“Language is the institution whereby humans
communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory symbols.” Lado (1961:2) cites: “Language is primarily an
insturment of communication among human
beings in community
which speaks the
same language.
A community who speaks the same
language is language community.” Another
linguist, Brown (1970:102) cites: “Language is a behavior, that is a phase of human activity which must not be
treated in essence as structurally divorced
from the structural of non verbal human activity. The activity of man constitutes a structural whole in such a way
that it cannot be sub-divided into neat parts
or level or compartment with language in a behavioral compartment insulated in character, content, and
organization from other behavior.” Referring
to the statement above, we conclude that languages playsa crucial role in our live and it also shows behavior.
Languages are used to communicate to one
another as signs which you can tell someone what you see and what you think. Although we can get something without
using a verbal language, still it doesn’t
work well, therefore, we can not live without language whenever and whereever we are.
In this era of globalization, one
of the most important languages in the world is English. It develops greatly as human use
it in their activities and can even be called
to be the single most important language. As it is a universal language in any part of the world, it makes at least a few
people in each locality know the language.
In spite of these people might not have the same accent as others, they at least can understand one another. In
Indonesia itself, English language plays a role as a second language or a foreign
language, therefore people in Indonesia should
master it as a second or a foreign language, for it is an international language.
In the international community,
English is used as an official language, the language of adminstration, commerce, business,
etc. It is also the language of education
since a lot of books are written in English; moreover, the presence of English as a universal language assumes
importance in fact that more people leave their countries not only for business and
pleasure, but also for their study. English becomes a medium in their study for those who
will go to other countries to study.
This is because the individual
will not be able to learn a subject in the language of a country. As a matter of fact, English has
been a compulsory subject learned in many
countries arround the world. Further Bloomfield (1953:57) cites: “English has been spoken by more native speakers than
any other language except, presumably,
North Chinese, if we count the important factor of foreign speakers, English is the most widespread of language.” In producing English language, sometimes
people can make some errors.
Speech errors are offten found in
spontaneous speech, such as in everyday speech.
People ally think that producing
speech is any easy thing, they can produce sentences automatically by using their
articulatory programs to convey their thought.
Therefore, most of them do not prepare full planning before addressing a speech, especially in making spontaneous
speech. Clark and Clark (1977:223) cites:
‘Talking seems to require little thought or effort, In most conversations the words flow with just the least bit of mental
urging, People think about what they want
to say and their tongues seem to take care of the rest, automatically putting their thoughts into words’.
Actually, speaking is not as easy
as we think, especially when we want to speak
about difficult thing. For instance, if we want to describe a certain room.
First of all, we should think
about the wide of the room, the location of the room, and what are in it. Thus, speakers must
formulate a plan accurately before addressing a
speech. In addition, speakers should plan where to start first.
Therefore, in speaking activity,
speakers should know about speech planning and execution. Fauziati (2008:137) cites: “Thus,
producing speech seems to follow two
types of proccesses: planning and execution”. Planning is a proccess in speaker’s mind to plan what he or she wants to
talk about. While execution is a process
of uttering the segments, words, phrase based on speaker’s plan.” In most crucial human activities, success
depends on knowledge, skill and self-confidence.
There are some characteristics, which form the basis of effective speech. Without the knowledge, the speech will
become nonsense or even not being
successful. Without self-confidence, the speaker stumble and lack of power.
Without skill, expression is
often crude or monotonous Reffering to
the statement above about the importance of language which is related to the speech production proccess, the
writer are intested to analyze the language
as it is spoken on television. As we all know that today no body can deny that television has become an important
part of our lives as it affects our daily
routine. It has been a telecomunication medium which is fully imformative.
In accordance with the era
development, television offers a lot of interesting programs such as in education, entertaiment,
news program, talk show, quizes, variety
of shows, etc.
One of the most favourite TV
channels in Indonesia is Metro TV. This TV channel offers a lot of interesting programs
and the most favourite programs are news
programs dan talk shows in English language. One of the most favoutite talk show programs is ‘Talk Indonesia”,
broadcasted by Dalton Tanonaka and two other
guest commentators. In this case, the writer chose ‘Talk Indonesia’ program as the data of analysis because she found a
lot of spontaneous speech errors made by
the interviewers and commentators during the progress of the program. Beside that,
the program always discuss up-to-dated
and hot topics have happened recently.
The spontaneity in producing speech during this program leads the occurance of speech errors. It is natural
considering that producing spontaneous speech
is not easy.
Speech errors phenomenon is very
interesting to be invistigated because from speech errors we can observe how linguistics
and speaker’s mind are related each other.
Therefore, the writer conducted this
study by using psycholinguistics approach
because speech errors is included in speech production study, which speech production study is one of
psycholinguistics concerns.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar