CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study,
research problems, objective of the
study, significance of the study, scope of the study, and definition of the key terms.
1.1. Background of the study Islam
as our religion has reminded us that “Al lisaanu ka al saif”,which means that our lips are like a sword. As a
wider definition is that if we can not control
our words in communication well, it can hurt our counterpart in conversation. Our words can threaten our face
because when he or she is angry, he or
she will leave us. Losing control in communication leads to bad effect of communication. Bad communication can result a
complete breakdown in relationship and
misunderstanding even it breeds a conflict between elements in society (Rahardjo, 2004:1). To avoid those
phenomena (bad communication), we need
to build good communication through language that way out from our speech, and we can keep it run well. We should
manage and arrange our speech and not
let it wrong, otherwise, there will be speech error.
Dardjowidjojo (2003:142) asserts
that everybody wants to speak very fluently
without any trouble or error. The sentences should be well arranged, without any pauses, or if so, it is just found
in certain constituent that is possible to
be paused. Such kind of ideal utterances, however, cannot always be produced. Not all people can speak fluently
for alltopics, in all conditions and 15 situations. Different topics and situations
may influence the degree of fluency in speaking.
Speech errors are errors in
linguistic output occurin spoken language, sign language, written language, and typed
language. Clark and Clark (1977) divided nine common types of speech errors and
discussed as: silent pause, filled pause,
repeats, false start(un-retraced), false start (retraced),corrections, interjections, stutters, slips of the tongue.
Corrections, which are one of the
types of speech errorsin Clark and Clark (1977), became the main subject of this
research. It means editing word which is error through some phrases signals of
corrections. Dubois in Clark and Clark (1977:
270) has noted that there are some correction phrase that is,or rather, I mean, and wellsignal distinctly different
errors speakers are about to correct.
For example: “turn on the stove
switch - I mean/ the heater switch”. In this case, when the speakers are delivering their
speeches, then they make error; they
usually directly make such clarifications (use I mean)or something to hide the errors. Sometimes the clarification
through corrections is commonly resulted
from good thought or special skill. Carroll (1986) says that such kind of error are common when the speakers are
nervous, or under stress.
This research takes place at Effective English
Course of Jombang particularly for the students of MC (Model Class) level who
are recommended to speak English either
inside or outside the classroom in their daily conversation.
The MC students consist of those
from any ages, teenagers, old or young students.
“Effective English Course of Jombang” hasa program of weekly 16 meeting
where the students have to deliver a speechand it is well-organized because before performing their speech they
have tojoin a briefing time. In data
collecting process, the writer recorded some speeches made by the students of Effective English Course of
Jombang andthen she observed the situation
and condition during the program to recognize the real situation when the students delivered the speech and made
corrections. While doing observation,
she makes field-notes to note the situation of observation. Then she transcribes the recorded speech into
written form to make it easy to analyze.
The writer also interviews the teacher whosupervises them to know the factors that usually caused corrections.
Wuetcher (1995) observed slips of
the tongue in children. She compared the
slips of the tongue she recorded from the children with the types of speech errors made by adults and found that children
make most of the same types and proportions
of slips as adults. The most common errors in both children and adults are phonological errors.
Another related study is done by
Ni’maturrahmah (2005), “Slips of the tongue
on News Presenters on Liputan 6 SCTV”, whichis focused on slips of the tongue as part of speech errors. She found
many utterances related with slips of tongue
such as anticipation, blends, shift, substitution, deletions, and addition.
Although the previous studies
mentioned above observed speech errors, they
focused on slips of the tongue while this study investigates about the corrections types of students’ speech errors.
Basedon the significant 17 information concerning with correction type as
explained above, this study is conducted
to identify and describe students’ speecherrors.
1.2. Research Problems: Based on the background of the study above,
the research problem can be elaborated
into two questions as follows: 1. What
are the corrections made by students of “Effective English Course” Jombang? 2. How do the students of “Effective English
Course” Jombang produce the corrections?
1.3. Objective of the study This study is aimed at describing what
correctionsof students’ speech error in
“Effective English Course” Jombang are. This study is also aimed to figure out how the students of “Effective English
Course” Jombang produce the corrections.
1.4. Significance of the Study Theoretically,
the result of this research can givemore knowledge about the corrections of students’ speech errors for
those who are interested in the study of
Psycholinguistics.
Besides the theoretical
significance, the result ofthis study is also expected to give more practical contributions
to the students and teachers of English
Department, and linguistic researchers. Thestudents as speakers who learn English are expected to be able to
understandabout speech error and improve
their speaking skill. To the teachers, the result of this research is 18 expected
to be a contribution or additional material for linguistics study and it can be an advice to pay attention on self
corrections while speaking or delivering speech. Finally, the result of this study is
expected to be used by other researchers
or psycholinguists as additional reference for further research.
1.5. Scope and Limitation The scope of this study is about speech error
especially in the corrections based on
the theory of Dubois in Clark and Clark (1977) which are made on the speech by students of “Effective English
Course of Jombang”. Then, the limitation
of this study is the students’ speech during weekly meeting program of MC XXXXVII or November 2008.
1.6 Definition of key term To avoid misunderstanding and
misinterpretation that possibly appear, some
terms are defined as follow: Corrections : one type of speech errors happens while a
speaker stops speaking in the midsentence, makes error, then corrects the speech through some phrase
signals I mean, or rather, that is, well
etcfollowed by the exact or correct word
that the speaker means to say.
Speech error : an error that
occurs when students as the speakers are
speaking, so what they said is not what they intended to say.
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