CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of
The Analysis A language is what the members of a particular society speak. When
two or more people communicate each
other in speech, we can call the system of communication that they employ is language.
Language plays a great role in our life.
Human as social creatures uses language to build relationship each other, to express our reaction to certain situation and
to represent our idea, thoughts, feelings,
and emotions. It is spesific ability for human being to communicate by using words and sequence of words, whereas the
other living things can not.
Dinneen (1967:8) says, “Language
is the sounds produced in speech which is
connected with almost every fact of human life and communication”. In other words it may mean that most of the activities
in our life recommend us to use language.
When we are reading, writing, speaking and listening, they all need language. It is unpredictable how human’s life
without language.
As the time goes by, nowadays,
language is regarded as a science which called
linguistics. It often called as “General linguistics”. Hartman and Stork (1972:132) say, “Linguistics is the field of
study, and its object is language”. As we
know, language as the object of linguistics is systematic and progressive. It
is called systematic because language is
not single system but consists of some subsystem; they are morphology,
phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Semantics is a branch of
linguistics which concerns with the meaning in language.
It becomes the central to the
study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in
social organization, the need to understand the meaning
becomes more and more pressing. Meaning is unseparable part of language, therefore
semantics has been part of linguistics.
Semantics is the study of
meaning, so meaning becomes the central to the study of communication.
Siregar (1992) said that meaning
in semantics can be divided into two parts,
literal and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning refers to the meaning of words according to common or dictionary usage.
For example, It is the time to feed the
cats and dogs. This phrase ‘cats and dogs’ is used in a literal sense, for the animals are hungry and it is time to eat. When
the speaker means something different
from his literal meaning of the words, or he has other intentions from the meaning of word he said, it is called
non-literal meaning. For example, Every night,
the moon comes by just to say good night to me. This sentence does not mean that the moon has legs to come and talk
by saying good night but the speaker
want to say that the moon always shines every night as the sign for me to sleep.
Non-literal meaning includes
figure of speech or figurative expression.
Beckson & Ganz (1975: 80)
state “Figurative language is language which makes use of certain devices called figure of
speech”. Figurative language used as the techniques for comparing dissimilar
object, to achieve effects beyond the range of literal language. There are some kinds of
figurative expression which commonly found
in some texts; Simile is used to compare two different things which are regarded as the same. Explicitly signed with
words ‘like’ or ‘as’. Metaphor is implicitly
used as comparison between two unlike objects by substitute or identified one for another with omitted using
‘like’ or ‘as’. Personification is used as comparison by giving human form,
power and feelings to animal, objects or
ideas. Hyperbole is statement which exaggerate from the real meaning. Irony expresses
something different and opposite to the literal meaning. Synecdoche is expression which mention a part that represent
the whole object or idea.
Metonymy is expression by using name or character as
the substitution of certain object.
The object of this thesis is
taken from The Holy Bible. The Holy Bible is a book of Christian people as the way to study
God’s precious message. As we know
figurative expressions are universal to
human communication. Every language,
including biblical language, has them. While reading the Bible, Christian people find some difficulties to get
the correct interpretation of the hidden
meaning of a sentence and phrase. That is the reason why the writer would like to analyze the Scripture since the Book
has non-literal meaning which semantically
can be analyzed.
The Holy Bible consists of two
big parts. They are Old Testament and New
Testament. The Old Testament is believed as the basic to understand The New Testament. It consists of 39 chapters.
While The New Testament consists of 27
chapters which tell us about the fulfillment of God’s promises.
In this thesis, the writer will
analyze only one chapter of Holy Bible that is Matthew. Matthew is the beginning of the New
Testament. It was composed by the 12
disciples of Jesus. This testament deals with the birth of Jesus from His birth
to the resurrection. Matthew was written in a unique style of writing and also contains some figurative expression. For
example, in Matthew 6:21 said, “for
where your treasure is, there will your heart be also”. The word ‘treasure’ in this sentence is reflected to our idea and
affection. The figurative expression is present
in this sentence. So, it is reasonable for the writer to take Matthew as the source of this thesis.
1.2 Problems of The Analysis This
analysis is a study of semantics, which focuses on the use of the nonliteral
meaning found in the Holy Bible. In this case the text that is being analyzed is ‘Matthew’.
In this analysis, the writer has
some questions as the problem of the analysis:
a.
What kinds of figurative expression which found in the Matthew? b. What are the real meanings of the figurative
expression found in the Matthew ? c. What are the frequencies of the figurative
expressions in Matthew ? 1.3 Objectives of The Analysis Related to the problems
of the analysis, the objectives of this analysis are: a. to
find out the types of figurative expression in Matthew, b. to describe the real meaning of figurative
expression in Matthew, and c. to find
out the frequency of figurative expression used in Matthew 1.4 Scope of The Analysis In this thesis, the
writer will make a limitation to obtain a clear and detail picture of the matter that is being analyzed.
There are various figurative expression that can be found in literally works,
but in this thesis the scope of the analysis
is only the text which have figurative expressions in the book of Matthew. And the types of figurative
expressions which will be analyzed in this thesis are simile, metaphor, hyperbole,
metonymy, personification, synecdoche, and
irony.
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