CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study Indonesia, the
rich country, has many varieties of cultures, customs and languages. That is why many tourists come to
Indonesia. Many tourists are interested in
studying cultures in Indonesia like the customs and languages. The tourists
know that every area or region in
Indonesia has its own customs, cultures and languages which is different from others. However, from
the all of the varieties, the most important
thing of the varieties is the language.
Language as a means of
communications has been used by human beings for thousands of years. Language is used by humans
to communicate to each other, to express
their thought, feeling, or ideas either in spoken or written language. It conveys one message in human mind into
utterances. Saussure (1915:16) states that language is a system of sign that express
ideas.
As human being, people always
feel curious about everything that happen in this world like news, gossip, and
entertainment. People can do it by reading magazines, newspapers, and by browsing
internet. And nowadays, many scientific and
non – scientific books are translated into Bahasa Indonesia, such as text –
book, novels, articles, etc. So without
the ability to master foreign language, the people still difficult get the information. Finnally, it
can be a problem for the people to read and to understand it. Therefore, the way to solve
this problem is to translate foreign language
into local language that called translation.
Translation work is a complex
task. It requres competency in both languages; the source language (SL) that is the language
to be translated and the target language (TL), the language into which it is to be
changed and also the cultural background of both languages.
Translation means transferring
the meaning of SL into TL (Larson 1984:3) whereas Catfortd (1965:1) defines translation
as the replacement of textual material in
SL by equivalent textual material in TL.
And the last, according to Larson (1984:2) cites “Translation, then consists of
studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural context of the SL text, analyzing it Universitas Sumatera Utara in order to
determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and gramatical structure which are
appropiate in the TL and its cultural context.”
Every language has different style or ways in conveying ideas or messages.
Adapting Sapir, Blount (1974:120)
cites, “No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the
samesocial reality. The worlds in which different
societies live are distinct world”. In Indonesia language, the word beras, padi, nasi, gabah, only have one equivalent
word in English, that is rice. How about the word sarung in Indonesia language should
be translated in English? The society in
Britain or the other countries might be do not recognize the object. In this
case, the translator should know the
appropriate words for the cultural adjustment to the cultural words.
The most important thing to take
into account by a good translator, the meaning
which is being transferred must be held constant. And it will not be succesfully transfered if the translator
neglets the cultural adjustment from the SL into the TL.
As Hartley (1982:191) says,
“Communication between members of different cultures is possible because of an underlying
sameness of human experience the world
over and human’s ability to adjust to new modes of behaviour.” From the statement above, it is obvious that
language is a large and significant role in the totality of culture.
The differences between cultures bring about
difficulties in the process of translating from one language into another that
is divergent and unrelated.
In translating, there is the
terms “context of culture” must fully clear to the hearer or reader to understand a language
(Bronislaw 1999:72) and Bassnet (1999:126)
believes that translation must take place within a framework of culture.
There is a tight relationship
between translation and culture. If the translation is related to culture, the translation is not
simply matter of seeking other words with similar meaning. Simply, when the translator
wants to translate a text, the translator can not translate it directly. The translator
has to analyze it first before reconstructing it into TL. So, translation and culture are
linked.
Universitas Sumatera Utara The
word ‘culture’ has some meanings. For some people, it refers to an appreciation of good art, song, food, and
literature. Tylor (1871) says that culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, law, moral, custom, and any
other capabilities and habit acquired by man as member of society”.
Newmark (2000:1) defines culture
as “the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a
particular language as its means of expression”.
Whereas Gohring (1995) says that culture is one need to know to judge where's people behavior conform or deviates
and in order to make one's own behavior
conform to the society.
Based on those definiton of
culture above, it can be conclude that every society has own culture, which is different
from each other. The scope of the culture is very complex. The culture covers all the
human need. The speech, behavior, thought
are influenced by culture and it is clear that understanding of culture enable individuals relate to other people from
different place. The expression of culture can be seen from the behavior, norms, values, and
belief of people. Therefore, the people can
learn the culture of certain society.
In understanding culture, the
cultural terms should be understand. According to Kotter (1992), which formally defines
culture as a whole pattern of behavior that is reflected in social life, religion, art,
and institutional as well as all the result of the human mind and work on an entity certain
people. Meanwhile, Koentjaningrat (2000)
provides systemic understanding of a whole culture of ideas, actions, and works of the context of a society that is used
as a human being by means of learning.
Culture has three categories or
forms, namely: Firstly, culture as a complexity of ideas, values, norms, and rules. Culture
form in this context is a form of cultural ideal rights are abstract. Example of this
culture form is a system of cultural values, norms, laws, and regulations such manner.
Secondly, culture as a complex activity pattern of human behavior in society.
Culture form in this context is reffered to as a social system consisting of human activities
that interact, hang out, and the basis of certain behavioral pattern of governance. The
second form of this culture more concrete
because it can be observed and documented. Thirdly, culture as objects of human handiwork. The third manifestation of
this culture is a culture of physical and culture is the most concrete, such as
buildings, temples, artifacts, houses and others.
Universitas Sumatera Utara This
thesis works on cultural terms in the subtitling of “Memoirs of a Geisha” movie. The writer chooses this movie because
in the subtitling of “Memoirs of a Geisha”
movie is found some words that is not translated by the translator. Subtitling is a secondary or explanatory title, as of a
book or play, a book title repeated at the top of the first page of text and one or more
lines of text, as a translation of dialogue in a foreign language, appearing ally at the
bottom of a film or video image.
The problems that is found in the
subtitling of “Memoirs of a Geisha” movie is when the writer sees the subtitling of the
movie, the writer sees there are some words
that is not translated by the translator. The translator does not get the equivalence of those words. Finally, the
translator uses the strategies of translation and the cultural categories in the translation
studies. The strategies of translation and cultural categories of cultural terms are the
main discussion of this thesis.
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