CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study Translating is
basically turning a form into another form. In this case, another form means source language or target language.
The major problems of translating are culture
and the linguistics. Linguistics here means the different characteristics between one language and another, such as the
shifts in translation. Culture here means
a different assumption of meaning in translation.
If we translate a form, the translation can
consist of a word, phrases, sentence, paragraph,
a group of paragraph, or writing an even longer. Sometimes people not pay much attention in translation but its so
dangerous because if there are some mistakes in translating, the products of the
translation might have the different meaning with the source language and some wrongs assumption
might comes up.
Catford (1969: 20) states that translation is
the replacement of textual material in
one language by equivalent textual material in another language, whereas Munday
(2001: 4) states that the term
translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text
has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation), otherwise known
as translating.
Nida (Venuti 2000: 126) says that since no two
languages are identical, either in
meanings given to corresponding symbols or in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences it
stands to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages.
In summary, it is not easy for the translator
to translate with a natural translation
and has the same meaning with the source language, because one language and another language usually are not
identical. It can be concluded that there is no absolutely correspondence between languages.
So the translator should concern about the
structure and appropriate meaning for the translation to target language.
Catford (Venuti 2000: 141) states that by
shifts we mean the departures from formal
correspondence in the process of going from SL (Source Language) to TL (Target Language). Catford says that there are
two major types of shifts, level shifts and
category shifts.
Level shifts means that a source language item
at one linguistic level has a target
language translation equivalent at a different level. It is the shifts from
grammar to lexis. It means that a
grammatical unit in English, such as noun, affix has a lexical unit in Bahasa Indonesia. Here is the example,
Thierry Henry has stopped playing for Arsenal
FC and its translation becomes Thierry Henry sudah berhenti Category shifts is
about unbounded and rank-unbounded translation. In unbounded translation, equivalences are not
tied to a particular rank and can be find equivalences at other levels, while in rank-unbounded
translation an equivalent in the target
language for each word or for each
morpheme encountered in the source language.
These category shifts have four kinds of shifts. That are structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system
shifts.
bermain untuk Arsenal FC. The form “has” as a unit in
English Grammar is translated into Bahasa Indonesia by lexis “sudah”.
Unit shifts become the main focus in this
thesis. Unit shifts is the changes of rank.
It’s also called rank shifts. It’s about departures from formal correspondence where in the translation equivalent of a unit
at one rank in the source language is a unit
at another rank in the target language. Rank here refers to the hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group,
word and morpheme. For example, “That girl
is boyish“(word). In target language becomes “Cewek itu kelaki-lakian Shifts
become the solution for the translator. By using shifts, the translator is expected to get the natural meaning of the
translation. It is also used to produce equivalent
and exact meaning and structure. Translator use shifts to refer the changes which may occur in process of translation.
Sometimes translating the text is very difficult
and every language has it own rules and make
the translator faces the condition
that forced him to make shifts of translation so the meaning of the source language can be transferred well.
”(phrase).
The word “boyish” in source language is
translated into Bahasa Indonesia by phrase “kelaki-lakian”.
Unit shift also may occur up and down the
scale of level. The word level in source
language can be translated into phrase or clause in target language. Also the sentence level in source language can be translated
into clause or phrase level in target language.
It’s necessary to use shifts to get equivalence meaning. By using shift, the translation become more flexible and natural
because it’s translated based on source language
and target language in order to get a good translation without losing the meaning.
The study is on the subtitles of 300 movie.
The shifts which occur in the movie will
be analyzed in this thesis. The definition of subtitle as explained in Wikipedia : “Subtitles are textual versions of
the dialog or commentary in film, television
program, video games, and the like, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen. They can either be a form of written
translation of dialog in a foreign language,
or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added information to help viewers who are deaf
and hard of hearing to follow the dialog,
or people who cannot understand the spoken dialogue or who have accent recognition problems”.
Subtitle is very important to explain about
the diversity of language in film. It can
be used to translate dialog from a foreign language to the native language of
the audience. The shifts may occur
between the foreign language as a source language in the movie and native language as a target
language in movie subtitle.
For example: This will not over be quickly.
(Source language is in English).
“Ini tidak akan berakhir secara Shifts occur
in the subtitle of this film. The subtitle is Bahasa Indonesia.
There are some shifts that become a problem in
translation. Consequently the study of unit
shifts need to be done as to see the kind of unit shifts and the most dominant
unit shifts which occur in this film.
cepat.” (Target language is in Bahasa
Indonesia).
From the example above, it is clearly seen
that there is a unit shifts from morpheme “-ly” turning into word “secara”.
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