CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study Literature is
simply another way we can experience the world around us through our imagination (Jones, 1968: 1).
Literary work is the result of human thought
which tells us about life and deals with feeling, ideas, experience, ambition, imagination, and problems. It
presents to give an enjoyment and also broader
the reader’s general knowledge. Literature is one of the most creative and universal means of communicating the spiritual
emotion and intellectual concern of
mankind. Literature is also a mirror of society and will be characterized by human imagination and ideas of their
expression, good form, techniques, and our fantastic world. It can be applied from human
of daily life.
Talking about literary criticism,
we also know about psychological criticism
that is part of our soul to express our emotions. According to, Katy and Malene, Psychological criticism is the
application of psychoanalysis within literature
(http://www.northern.edu/benkertl/psychological_criticism.html). In addition, critics use Psychological criticism
to explore the motivations of characters
and the symbolic meanings of events, while biographers speculate about a writer's own motivations.
Psychological criticism is one of theories from literary criticism, and to analyse this
research, while using part of social psychology,
that is aggression and frustration-aggression. Literature and psychology have close relationship and cannot
be separated, because psychology is a
part of literature, support and influence each other.
Moreover, Renne Wellek and Austin
(in Anjarwati, 2006: 10) say that by psychological
of literature, we may mean the psychological study of writer, as type and as individual, or the study of
creative process, or the study of the psychological
types and laws present within works of literature or finally the effects of literature upon the readers. In
addition, Levita (in Anjarwati, 2006: 10) states that “Psychology and literature have
relationship as intimate”. It means that psychology help to clarify some literary
problems and literature presents insights to psychology. In addition, Dewi (2006: 12)
states that “psychology is closely related
to literature. The relationship between literature and psychology is showed by the term psychology of literature”.
Meanwhile, Dwi (1998: 5-6) say
that psychology and literature do not stand
apart, as psychology can be applied to analyse the work of literature and is considered one of the important approaches in
literary criticism. It does not mean that
the work it self is psychology work, but it cannot be denied that we can analyse the literary work accordance with
cultural factors, social class factors influence
the ways individuals define situation and how they respond to them.
Talking about literature, we
remember about novel, because novel is one of literary works with a more or less complex
plot or not pattern of event about human
being, their feeling, thought, and human action (Dewi, 2006: 2). A novel consists
simply of a long story written in prose, yet the form developed comparatively recently. Anjarwati (2006: 2)
say “novel is a long written story and written
in prose, so it differs from a short story in other way too. Novel focuses on more incident time. It may deals with a
lifetime, a number of incidents.” Novel
describes the psychological aspects of the characters, because character is considered as one of the
fundamental components of fiction. While, the definition of characterization is the
process of creating an image of a person in fiction, complete with that person's traits,
features, and motivation.
Characterization broadly refers
to the description and development of characters.
Meanwhile, Anjarwati (2006: 2)
states “Novel may have characters, some of whom may even come in contacts with others.
Its very worth depends largely on the
ability of the novelist to get the reader to accept what he says”. And the researcher knows that it takes some
understanding of human psychology to create believable characters. Nienke Hinton and
speaker Laurie Schnebly Campbell said “The
Psychology of Creating Characters.’ In it, they say there are basically four things that determine people's character:
birth order, priorities, anagrams, and personality
scales. She says “Each one of these has the potential for conflict, and conflict is what we need for a great romance
novel! And for the real emotional drama,
there need to be conflicts of character...conflicts in the way these people approach life.”
(http://nienkehinton.blogspot.com/2006/08/using-psychology-tocreate-characters.html)
A Thousand Splendid Sunswritten by Khaled Hosseini can be considered as a work purposed to discuss aggression in
domestic violence caused by frustration-aggression.
It talks much about aggression in domestic violence that happened in family. The researcher wants to
discuss the psychology from the doer and
the victim of aggression in domestic violence. In other side, the researcher will know about aggression or violence as one
of factor from domestic violence, and
one of psychological aspect is violence or aggression. Therefore, the social psychology is a relevance approach to
elaborate, cover up and catch the whole thought
of aggression or violence as a factor of domestic violence that is described based on the story in the novel, because novel
can be analysed through psychological
criticism.
The novel A Thousand Splendid
Sunsis about Mariam who always got mistreatment
in her family. From Nana (Mariam’s mother), call Mariam as Haramiand torture her. Nana considers Mariam
who make Nana’s life was broke.
Nana has frustrated because she
is not conceded as Jalil’s wife, because Nana pregnant never got married with Jalil.
Whereas, Mariam who does not know everything
about it.
Besides that, Mariam’s husband
(Rasheed) also torture Mariam. Rasheed has
frustrated because Mariam miscarriage, whereas Rasheed wants to have son from Mariam, to change his son passed away
from his wife before. Since Mariam has
miscarriage, Rasheed always tortures Mariam. He also blames Mariam because they do not have a child as soon as
possible. Then, her husband decides to get
married again with the other women (Laila). Actually at the time, there is the different age between Rasheed and Laila. Laila
should be Rasheed’s grandchild.
Therefore, Mariam is broken heart
when she knows her husband gets married again.
After Rasheed marries with Laila, Rasheed always tortures Mariam, even Rasheed considers that Mariam is not his wife
but his domestic servant, moreover, Rasheed
does not give Mariam material necessity or non-material and even Rasheed tortures her more. But at one day,
Rasheed tortures Laila, when Rasheed knows
Laila meets with ex-boyfriend in their home. Finally Mariam kills Rasheed to protect her self from her husband’s
mistreatment for her and Laila.
Nana and Rasheed is the doer of
aggression in this novel, exactly in Mariam’s
family, because of their frustration. Beside, Nana has frustrate, she has become victim when she live in Jalil’s house
as housemaid (Mariam’s father). In other
hand, Mariam as the victim from Rasheed’s aggression, she also becomes the doer of aggression when he kills Rasheed.
She kills her husband, because she wants
protect herself and Lailas when Rasheed tortures them and Rasheed will kill Laila. Same with Mariam, Laila as the victim from
Rasheed’s aggression, she also called
the doer of aggression because she ever torture Rasheed, when he blames and tortures Laila. Actually, Mariam and Laila
do aggression to protect their selves.
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