CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
There are five parts of the study
in this chapter, namely: background of the study, research question, objective of the
study, scope and limitation of the study, significance of the study, and definition of
the key term.
1.1 Background of the Study Deixis
deals with connection between discourse and the situation in which discourse is used. Deixis is a technical term
(from Greek) for one of the most basic things
we do with utterances. It means “pointing” via language. According to Levinson (1983: 54) deixis is the termfor
pointing and indicating, and as a prototypical
on focal exemplars the use of demonstratives, first and second person pronouns, tense, specific time and place
adverbs like now and here, and a variety of other grammatical features tied directly to
the circumstances of utterance.
Grundy (2000:272) says that
deixis is the ‘indexical’ property of a closed class consisting of demonstratives such
thattheir reference is determined in relation to the point of origin of the utterance in
which they occur.
The single most obvious way in
which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of
languages themselves which through the phenomenon
of deixis. Essentially, deixis provides the basic theory of how people use language in written and spoken
languagefocused on the functions of words, which always related to text, which cannot be
separated to the context.
Deixis is reference by means of an expression
whose interpretation is relative to the
(usually) extra linguistic context of the utterance, such as: who is speaking,
the time or place of speaking, the
gesture of speaker, or the current location in the discourse (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticswTerms/WhatIsDeixis.htm).
Furthermore, there are five kinds
of deixis: person, place, time, social, and discourse deixis. Person deixisis deictic
reference to the participant role of a referent,
such as: the speaker the addressee, and referents which are neither speaker nor addressee. Place deixis is deictic
reference to a location relative to the location of a participant in the speech event,
typicallythe for example: this (way), that (direction), here, there. Time deixis is
reference to time relative to a temporal reference point. Typically, this point is the
moment of utterance such as: now / then, yesterday / today / tomorrow. Social deixis is
reference to the social characteristics of,
or distinctions between, the participants or referents in a speech event /
ranking of referents. Discourse deixis
isdeictic reference to a portion of a discourse relative to the speaker's current “location” in the
discourse. For example: The last chapter was extremely boring (www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticswTerms/WhatIsDeixis.htm).
In the written text, deixis can
be found in a newspaper, magazine, novel, and etc. In newspaper, deixis can be interpreted
in the form of title news and the content of news. For example, in the National section
of the Jakarta Post “I visit Aceh post tsunami
……………”. We cannot understand this sentence without context. It is needed to know who the speaker or writer is,
hence what “I” refers to. The word “I” refers
to someone whose name Andy. The word “I” can be categorized as a part of deixis, especially person
deixis. “I” is classified as person deixis because it refers to the person uttering the
sentence.So, by interpreting deixis expression, we can understand more than what is said.
A study on deixis is always
interesting for it is a little part of discourse analysis where language (spoken or written
language) and context are inseparable as well as bound tight together. Inwritten text,
such as newspaper, the language used is also
contextual and interpretable. It has many interpretations to the (usual) extra linguistic context of the utterance. The
usesof deixis are usuallyinterpreted in the deictic expression such as I, you, here,
there,now, that, etc. The interpretation of all those expressions depends on the writer and
reader in sharing the same context and particularly
at three aspects of that context i.e. who is the speaker, where and when the sentence is uttered.
To analyze the National section,
the theory of deixis from some experts of deixis above is chosen. Those theories are
used to point thing in order to make clear what a writer means. The theory of deixis
proposed by Levinson is used to analyze words
or utterances produced by the writer on the National section of the Jakarta Post because this section is dedicated
toIndonesian people with many kinds of news about the general information on Indonesia’s
33 provinces and the important events that
happen in those provinces. It provides the basic theory of how people use
written or spoken language. This study
then focuses on the use of deixis types, which consists of five parts, i.e. person, place,
time, social, and discourse deixis.
In this study, newspaper is
selected to analyze, because it is used as a means of communication in the form of written text
between the writer and readers. The journalist
uses his idea, experience, and world view expressed in words, while the reader uses his encyclopedic knowledge,
thought, and knowledge of world to construct
and interpret the writer’s words into idea to arrive at the writer’s intended meaning. There are so many kinds of newspapers
published all over Indonesia such as:
The Jakarta Post, Jawa Pos, Kompas, Republika, Media Indonesia etc. Each newspaper above has differentstyle, news,
language etc. This study, then, focuses on the use of deixis types on the context
especially the ones found on the National section of The Jakarta Post. The Jakarta post
is chosen because it is the first English daily newspaper which is to improve the
standard of English language media in Indonesia
and its circulation is under 50,000 copies in a day (http://www.thejakartapost.com/about/about_progress.asp).
Some researchers have conducted
the sameresearch on deixis in the previous time but in different object of the research.
Hana (2006) investigated a descriptive study
on the deixis used in Garfield in the Jakarta Post. Zuhriyah (2004) focused her
research on the deixis on headlines
ofJawa Pos during General Election 2004.
Furthermore, Wahyuningtyas (2004)
analyzed deixis of advertisements published in Jakarta Post. Also, Agustine (2003) studied
the cohesions used in the advertisements published in the Jakarta Post. Based on the
discussion above; to investigate the deixis used in the National section of the Jakarta
Post is important to do, since to my knowledge,
there have been limited researches on deixis which focus on national news. Therefore, it is interesting to be
analyzed because the language used is context bound. Besides, the researcher wants to
helpthe reader of newspaper to understand the content of it using deixis.
1.2 Research Question Based on the description
on the background of the study above, this study is conducted to find out the answer of some
problems in relation with the discussion above, as follows: 1. What kinds of deixis are used in the
content of the National section of The Jakarta
Post? 2.
Which types of deixis are mostly used in the National section of The Jakarta Post? 1.3 Objective of the Study Concerning the problems mentioned above, the
objectives of this study is to identify
the kinds of deixis used in the content of the National section of The Jakarta Post and which type of deixis is mostly used
in the National section of The Jakarta Post.
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