CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with
background of the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope
and limitation of the study, and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Surah Ibrahim 4 And
we never sent a messenger save with the language of his folk, that he might make (the message) clear for them. Then Allah
sanded whom He will astray, and guides whom
He will. He is the Mighty, the Wise.
The above verse refers to the
importance of language that is to deliver a message.
In delivering a message, a part
of language system named cohesion is used to make the message meaningful. People need cohesion to
communicate with other people by using both
formal situation and informal situation, either by using grammatical cohesion
or by using lexical cohesion.
This research focuses on the
cohesion as a part of language system. Cohesion is expressed partly through the grammar and
partly through the vocabulary; therefore cohesion includes two types namely
grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 5).
Cohesion is expressed through the
strata in which the strata consists of the semantic (meanings), the lexicogrammatical
(forms),and the phonological and orthographic
(expressions). Meanings are realized (coded) as forms, and forms are realized as in turn (recoded) as expressions.
Meaning is put into wording, and wording into sound or writing (Halliday and Hasan,
1976: 5).
In the discussion of cohesive devices,
the place ofcohesion in the linguistic system
is in the component of textual. This comprises the resources that language has
for creating text, in the same sense in
which we have been using the term along: for being operationally relevant, and cohering within
itself and with the context of situation. The remaining part of the textual component is
that which is concerned with cohesion (Halliday
and Hasan, 1976: 27).
Further, cohesion is closely
related to informationstructure, and indeed the two overlap at one point; but information
structure is a form of structure, in which the entire text is blocked out into elements having one
or other function in the total of configuration-
everything in the text has some status in the ‘given-new’ framework.
Cohesion is a potential for
relating one element inthe text to another, wherever they are and without any implication that everything in
the text has some part in it. Cohesion, therefore,
is part of the text-forming component inthe linguistic system. It is the means whereby elements that are structurally
unrelated toone another are linked together, through the dependence of one on the other for
its interpretation.
This research discusses about the cohesion
used in a drama entitled ‘Macbeth’ written
by William Shakespeare. Specifically, it discusses the cohesive devices used in
the drama. Cohesive devices that are
analyzed divided into two types, they are; grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion.
Grammatical cohesion includes reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction,
whereas lexical cohesion includes reiteration and collocation. Reiteration includes repetition,
synonym, hyponym, metonym, and antonym.
Drama is a play for the theatre,
radio, or television. It is the art of writing and presenting plays, a series of exciting events
(Hornby, 1995). Drama is chosen since it is interesting and it contains of writing and
presenting plays which can be observed by using cohesion devices from utterances and
conversations of the drama. Macbeth is a feat of dramatic genius compelling, as it
does, theaudience to sympathize with a coldblooded murderer. Encouraged by his
wife and the prophecy of the witches, Macbeth, a noble warrior, slays Duncan the king and
seizes thethrone for himself. But in so doing, he has upset the natural order and cannot hope
to prosper (Shakespeare, 1994).
There are other researchers on
the same area with this study. Agustine’s study (2003), focused on ‘the cohesions used in
advertisements published in the Jakarta Post.’ The result of the research states that the
grammatical and lexical cohesion are found. The grammatical cohesion that was mostly used was
personal reference, and repetition was mostly
used in the lexical cohesion. Another research is Muniro’s study (2005) which focused on the cohesion and coherence used in
the two texts of ‘’Cermin Eksploitasi Advertiser’’
and ‘’Marketable V Nilai-nilai’’ of ‘’Prokon Aktivis’’ in Jawa Pos newspaper. Her study has found that some
cohesive devices were found. Then coherence consisting of primary and secondary concepts
was also found.
Based
on the description above, the researcher is interested in discussing the cohesions used in a drama entitled ‘Macbeth’.
This study specifies on the cohesive devices
of that drama. There are some reasons why the researcher chooses it. Firstly, many
cohesive devices are found in the drama used as a part of language system and
part of text-forming component in the
linguistic system. Secondly,the drama is Shakespeare’s work which uses advance and old language,
which is challenging to be researched.
Shakespeare is an actor and
playwright who results many works such as Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, etc. He also
wrote poems such as Venus and Adonis, Sonnets,
etc. Thirdly,the researcher wants to confirm the findings of the other
researches on cohesive devices using
different object.
1.2 The Problems of the Study According to the background of the study
above, theresearcher intends to answer two
questions: 1. What types of grammatical cohesion are found
in thedrama entitled ‘Macbeth’? 2. What types of lexical cohesion are found in
the drama entitled ‘Macbeth’? 1.3 The Objectives of the Study Concerning the
problems mentioned above, this studyis intended to find out the two objectives of the study: 1. To
identify the grammatical cohesion found in the drama entitled ‘Macbeth’? 2. To
identify the lexical cohesion found in the drama entitled ‘Macbeth’? 1.4
Significance of the Study The two significance of the study are
theoretical significance and practical significance.
As theoretical significance, hopefully the result of this study can provide important applications of discourse analysis
and togive contribution toward the building of knowledge, especially in pragmatic study
concentrated in cohesion.
As practical significance, the
result of this studyis expected to enrich the information for the people who concern to
discourseanalysis especially in cohesion and also it will help the next researchers,
including the students of the State Islamic University of Malang, when they are going to
do theresearch in this area.
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