CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes background
of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, scope and
limitation, significanceof the study, and definition of key terms. All those
section will be discussed as follows: 1.1 Background of the Study Literature is
the writing or books valued as works of art. Literature as work of art, which
uses a language in its medial expression, has stood in such important position
in life, whether it is in western or eastern culture since ages ago.Eagleton (2006:
1) states that literature as imaginative writing in the sense of fiction.
For novelist, novel is not only
as a tool ofthe entertainment, but also as form of art that study and research
part of life. Novelist observes about secret of life past orfuture. Most of
novelists in their writing wereusually influenced by what they watch and what
they feel in their environment such as love, injustice, poverty, murder, etc.
So, their creation is closely related to social and psychological aspect.We
know that psychologyis essential thing to know our behaviors and our actions.
Talking about a part of life
becomes the first reason why the researcher just analyzes about the main
character in Daniel Keyes’ The Minds of Billy Milligan. The whole story of this
novel is a part of Billy’s life. So almost the entire of story in this novel is
talking about Billy Milligan as themain character in this which, he always
appears and dominates overall story. The second reason is the main character in
this novel has unique characteristics; there were personalities inside Billy Milligan. No wonder
the main character here is quite different from another character in this novel.
Foster in Warren (1990: 3) states
that novel is very helpful in showing a person in the nature of human
character. Character is an important part in the story because characterhas a
function to build up the storyrefers to human beings, whose some problems in
their life that are shown in a novel.
Based on Foster statement, the researcher
assumes that novel or short story as a part of literature is a kind of reality
phenomenon. Moreover, behavior is man’s actionin reality. Society, psychology,
and religion reality are something that we often heard, when someone talked
about novel, which reflects the reality life. Moreover, the example of
psychology side is the existence of special psyche phenomenon which occurred in
main character when he responses for himself and environment.
Because the fiction is the shadow
of reality, so it is explored personalities or actors action willing or not,
have to be touched with various psychological theory that play central role as
“grand theory” and that examined the accuracy level as reference in empirical
and academic. The existence of grand theory will guide some researchers to
analyze the novel. Therefore, the researchers are not merely free to develop
their imagination and intuition in interpretation process until they will truly
stand on the basic theory that relevant and coherent with psyche phenomenon
that shadows to work. Prihastuti in Siswantoro (2005: 26).
According to the statement above,
human being is one of elementsof life.
He exists among other elements
with hisown characteristics, nature, and problems. Human being has some
problems surround them, like family problem within themselves. In order to
understand and solve them, we need to learn psychology, because psychology
discussesbehavior and mental process.
Furthermore, there was an opinion
that psychological study touches all aspects of life and has important role in
solving human problems. Therefore, it is a fact that novel and psychology have
close relation. In this novel, the researcher findsproblems that may include
psychological problems. Either this psychological problem can appear as the
cause or the result of the problems found in the novel.
The novel The Minds of Billy
Milliganby Daniel Keyes tells the relationship between the problems and the
conflict of the main character, in such away makes this novel becomes beautiful
and colorful. One of the important characters in the novel is Billy Stanley
Milligan, the young man who faces many problems during his life, these various
problems influence his psychological condition that affect to Billy’s
personality. He has a strange behavior, multiple personality and there are 24
alter in his personality. He feels that he is a normal man, but actually, he is
not. He does not realize before, until he knows that there is something strange
with him.
Multiple personality is also
called psychological of Dissociative Disorders as a condition where many of
different personalities are in one body. This condition commonly appears
because of childhood trauma. The individual may change from one personality to
another at anytime, from a few minutes to several years, the former is more
common period.
Various types of relationship may
exist between the different personalities.
Usually the individual alternates
from one personality to the other, and cannot remember in one what happened in
the other.
It becomes a very interesting
topic when we discuss about multiple personality, because multiple personality
(known as Dissociative Identity Disorder) is one of the most controversial
disorder and very interesting topic in clinic psychology and psychiatric.
People with this disorder have more than one kind of identity or personality
and have more than twelve personalities.
The researcher tries to discuss
about many personalities inside Billy Milligan which becomes controversial in
the late 1970s. after having committed several felonies including armed
robbery, Billy was arrested for three rapes on the Ohio State University campus.
This noveltells about the real
story of Billy Milligan, the first person in US history to be found not guilty
of major crimes, because of insanity he possessed multiple personalities. At
the time, Billy Milligan became a controversial public figure from the moment,
he was arrested and indicted. His face appeared on the front pages of newspaper
and on the covers of magazine.
Based on that explanation above
we know that we can learn psychology of human life by reading literary work.
That is why the researcher analyzes the Daniel Keyes's novel based on psychological
approach. The researcher emphasizes to analyze on Billy Milligan, one of the
most important characters in the novel.
In the other part of analysis,
the researcher also tries to analyze kinds of personalities inside Billy. The
researcher presents and analyzes 10 of the most dominant from 24 personalities
that Billy has which is called “The Desirable”.
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