CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses about the introduction
of the study which comprises the
background, problems, objectives, significance,scope and limitation of the study and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study One of the most
important functions of language is delivering a message. And to make it meaningful to people, a part of
languagesystem known as cohesion need to
consider profoundly. And cohesion contributes relation of connectedness and unity that exists within conversation,
utterances, text or other forms of language
especially written ones, it will help people involved to be able to percept and understand given language using both
grammatical and lexical cohesions.
Cohesion exists within text show
relationship between two elements; the presupposing
and the presupposed which are dependent on each other in the interpretation process. Therefore, cohesion at
least is potentially integrated into a text.
As described “the concept of cohesion is a semantic relation; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within text,
and that define it as a text” (Halliday and
Hasan, 1976:4).
The cohesion of a text analysis
is that of the tie which includes not only the cohesive elements but also that which is
presupposed by it. As Halliday and Hasan
(1976:4) outline that a tie is best interpreted as a relation between the cohesive elements and the presupposed
elements. In addition, within a text the concept of texture which functions to express
the property of ‘being a text’ is also profoundly
important to note. A text has texture and this is what distinguishes it from something that is not a text. Text
derives this texture which functions as ‘a unity with respect to its environment’
(Halliday and Hasan, 1976:2). As following example which shows the relation: Mary bought a new pencil. She put it in her
drawer.
It is obvious that sheanditin the
second sentence refers back to (is anaphoric to) Maryand a new pencilin the first sentence
to find the words meaning. This anaphoric
function of ‘she’ goes cohesion to the two sentences, so that we interpret them as a whole and unity; the two
sentences together constitute a text.
And the texture above are
provided by the cohesive relation that exist between ‘she – Mary’ and ‘it – a new pencil’within the
sentences. Thus, is that they refer to
the same thing. The two items (she – Mary) and (it – a new pencil) are
identical in reference or coreferential.
The cohesive agency in this instance provides the texture as well as its connectedness and unity.
This illustrates the meaning of
cohesions as a whole. And it provides a unity for the text in which the sort of continuity
is achieved in units at the grammatical level
– the sentence, the clause and so on by grammatical structure. The cohesive relations themselves is a meaning or semantic
continuity. And for this reason, the cohesive
patterns are able to play the part in the processing of the text and not merely signaling the presence and extent of
text but actually enabling to interpret the
text and determining how the text does so.
‘Cohesion refers to the
non-structural text-formingrelations’ (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:7) means whereby elements that are
structurally unrelated to one another
are linked together, through the dependenceof one on the other for its interpretation. Therefore, cohesion is a
potential for relating one element in the text to another to be unified and hanging them
together, wherever they are and without
any implication that everything in the texthas some part in it.
Within text, if a previously
mentioned item is referred to again and is dependent upon another element, it is
considered a tie. Without semantic ties, sentences or utterances would seem to lack any
typeof relationship to each other and
might not be considered text. Halliday and Hasan (1976: 4) refer to this as “intertextual link as the presupposing and the
presupposed”.
In analyzing cohesion as a part
of language system,mostly it concerns with items of cohesive devices which divided into
two namely; grammatical and lexical cohesions
actually is the focus of this research. Grammatical cohesion relates with grammar and lexical cohesion concerns with
vocabulary are going to discuss as the
main spotlight.
Cohesion is expressed through the
strata in which the strata consists of the semantic (meanings), the lexicogrammatical
(forms),and the phonological and orthographic
(expressions). It means that meanings are realized (coded) as forms, and forms are realized as in turn (recoded) as
expressions. In addition, meaning is put
into wording, and wording into sound or writing(Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5).
Using the text of The Articles of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a basis, the textual aspect of
connectedness andunity within these articles through cohesion will be analyzed. The
principles of referring, substitution, ellipsis,
conjunction, reiteration and collocation put forth by Halliday and Hasan (1976) will be applied to the articles and
analyzedto demonstrate the unity of the text
of which is separated into articles to be a text.
An article here means the
contents of the Declaration which consists of thirty articles which provided clearly in appendix 1.
Sucha basis taken since the structure
use in sentences which are mostly complexwith selected dictions in the whole articles is the characteristics of the
articles which should be presented briefly,
clearly and densely. And although each of these rights may different from one another, they are all considered to be
part of an indivisible set of human rights.
The Articles of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rightsis a profoundly important document for people all over the
world and standard for countries to follow,
signing on December 10, 1948 with representatives of 48 countries came together at the United Nations in Paris to
make a profound statement on the value and
dignity of human life. It expresses the basic principles and ideals that the world holds for human rights.
There are three key principles
mainly being focus on the articlesfounded in this Declaration; “human rights are
inalienable: no one can ever take them away from you”. “Human rights are also indivisible:
you cannot be entitled to some of them
and denied others”. “Finally, human rights are interdependent: they are all part of a larger framework and work together
so youcan enjoy safe, free, and productive
life”.
(http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/hreduseries/tb1b/Section1/tb1-1.htm)
There are other researchers on the same area with this study. Firstly, Rahmawati’s study (2003) analyzed the study of
discourse analysis on the headline news
of VOA Indonesia.com. And as the result, both the grammatical and lexical cohesions which are proposed by Halliday
and Hasan were found.
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