CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study One of the problems that translators need to
solve intranslating a text is the gerund
because there is no gerund system in the Indonesian language.
According to W. Stannard Allen, a
gerund is defined as the part of a verb that ends in –ing which has the force of a noun as
well as that of a verb. (1991:177) The
reason why the gerund system does not exist in the Indonesian language is that the concept of gerund is different from
nominalization in the Indonesian language.
According to Gorys Keraf, nominalization is derived from a verb or an adjective by adding affixes such as pe+V,
pe-+V+-an, ke-+V+ -an and V+ -an.
(1990:60-61) A Gerund is derived
from a verb by adding the participle -ing.
Besides that, nominalization only
has a substantial meaning. The gerund, however,
has a verbal meaning or a substantial meaning. According to Wiliting , the gerund has a force of a noun if the
gerund has a substantial feature such as having an article in front of it and having a
plural noun. When a gerund has a force
of a noun, it has a substantial meaning. Substantive is a word that can function as a noun such as a gerund, an
infinitive and a noun. The gerund has a force
of a verb if the gerund has a verbal feature such as having its own object, and having inflected in the perfect and the
passive. When a gerund has a force of a
verb, it has a verbal meaning. (1983:32-33) When this is the case, gerund becomes a hybrid because it has a noun form
but it has a verbal meaning.
The translator may try to
maintain the form of a gerund which is a noun by adding affixes such as pe- an, ke-an,
pe-and-an. This is one of the procedures
in translating the gerund into the Indonesian language. However, in practice, a translator has to use other
procedures to achieve a dynamic equivalence
where the meaning is the most important factor to transfer and not the noun form. The translator may use a
class shift by adding affixes such as
be-, me-, me- -kan, di- andter- because he or she finds that using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, pe-and-an is
not possible or it will make the translation
sounds unnatural. The example is that the sentence “I could not bear thinking about it.” is translated “Aku
tidak tahan memikirkannya.”The translator
can not replace the affix me-+V+-kan with the affix pe- an, ke-an, pe-and–an. The sentence will sound unnatural
if the translator replaces it.
This is because there is not a
noun that has a verbal meaning in Indonesian.
This system does not exist in
Indonesian language. According to Peter Newmark,
unnatural translation is marked by interference, primarily from the SL text, possibly from a third language known
to the translator including his own, if
it is not the target language. He also states that one of the things that we
must pay attention to is the gerund.
(1981:27) According to Peter Newmark in,
translating a gerund often uses transpositions.
(1981:88) Transposition illustrates a frequent tension between grammar and stress. According to Helen Hoyt
Schmidt in Advanced English Grammar,
writers choose gerunds when no abstract noun phrases exist or to express movement and activity in some kind of process.
Gerunds have stronger verbal force than
noun clauses, infinitives, or abstract noun phrases. That means they put an emphasis on some kind of action. (1995:322)
This shows that the purpose of using the
gerund is to emphasize some kind of action that the writer of the SL wants the reader to take special notice. A translator
must try to make a good translation so that
the TL reader gives the same response as the SL reader in reading the text containing a gerund in their own language.
In translating gerund,
translators may use a different procedure such as shift, modulation, or omission. Even so, translator
must keep in mind to achieve a dynamic
equivalence because experts agree that translators must make the translation natural by putting the meaning as
a top priority. Nida and Taber agree that
translators have to make the message as a priority in translating a text.
Eugene A. Nida and Charles Taber,
make the definition of translation more
accurate. According to them: "Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in
terms of style" (1974:12).
As mentioned above, the writer
chooses gerund because there is no gerund in the Indonesian language system. The writer
choosesE-love novel as the source of data
because the writer finds many gerunds in the book and because the book is a serial of Teen lit which is popular among
teenagers nowadays.
1.2. Statement of the Problem A question to answer in this thesis is: 1. How does the translator use to translate
the gerund into Indonesian in elove by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual
edition? 1.3. Research Objectives The aims of this research are as follows: 1. To describe the procedures used by the
translator to translate gerund from English
into Indonesian language in e-love by Caroline Plaisted, the bilingual edition.
1.4. Limitation of the Study The writer only analyzes the gerunds found in
e-love by Caroline Plaisted and its
translation by analyzing the equivalence of gerunds and the procedures in translating gerunds. The writer will not
analyze the gerund time relationship to
the main verb.
1.5. Significance of the Study The finding of the study are expected to be
able to give both theoretical of practical
contributions to the area of translation of gerund.
Theoritically, the findings of
the study are expected to be able to develop and give obvious description about translation
concerning the gerund wihch involve in e-love
by Caroline Plaisted.
Practically, the result of the
study are expected to be useful for the writer himself, teacher, and another students for
supporting the previous studies of some concern
especially translation of gerund area guidance in conducting further analysis.
1.6. Definition of the Key Terms To avoid ambiguity and misundestanding, the
writer would like to clarify the meaning
of the word used in the title of this study and some words considered as the keywords. Those definitions are: Translations: the process of tranferring
language from the source/origin language
into the target language. Translating consist of reproducing in the receptor language of the closest natural
equivalent of the language message, first in the term of meaning and second in term
style.
Gerund: is defined as the part of
the verbs that ends in – ingwhich has the force of a noun as well as that of a verb and
defined as participial forms used in noun fuction.
Class shift: It occurs when an SL
item is translated by means of a TL item belonging to a different grammatical class. Class shift
procedures in translating a gerund includes
adding affixes such as be-, me-, me- -kan, di- and ter-. A translator uses class shift because he/she finds that
maintaining a gerund form which is a noun
or using affixes such as pe- an, ke-an, ke- and -an is not possible or it may make the translations sounds unnatural. By
using the class shift, the form of the gerund
is mostly change into a verb.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LATERATURE Translation is a process of transferring the
meaning of the text from the SL to the TL.
Newmark said that translation is
a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in another
language. (1981:7) Newmark conveys his
idea that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language
in the way that the author intended the
text. (1981:5) According to Mildred L.
Larson, translation is basically a change of form.
The form of a language is the
actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or written.
These forms are referred to as the surface
structure of a language. It is the structural part of language which is actually seen in print or heard in speech. In
translation the form of the source language
is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language. Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the
source language into the receptor language.
(1984:3) The main goal of translating is finding the equivalence of the words and makes the sentences of the text
sound natural in the TL.
2.1. Formal Correspondence Versus
Dynamic Equivalence According to Nida
and Taber,dynamic equivalence is prior to formal correspondence. (1974:22) This means that
translators should remember that transferring
the message is their top priority.
2.1.1. Formal correspondence Formal correspondence is an effort to maintain
the formal consistency.
According to Nida and Taber,
Formal correspondence is produced by combining the formal consistency of the length of the
sentence, the classes of words and the order
of word, phrase, and clause.(1974:21-22) According to Catford, formal correspondent is any TL category (unit, class,
structure, element of structure, etc.) which
can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the `same' place in the `economy' of the TL as the given SL category
occupies in the SL.(1965:27) 2.1.2. Dynamic equivalence Dynamic equivalence is an effort of translator
to send the same message of the SL into
TL so the reader in TL has the same response as the reader in SL.
According to Nida and Taber,
dynamic equivalence is defined in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message
in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors
in the source language. This response can never be identical, for the cultural and
historical settings are too different, but there should be a high degree of equivalence of
response, or the translation will have failed
to accomplish its purpose. (1974:24) If
the translator intends to produce the same response from the readers in the SL and the readers in the TL, the translator
has to put a greater emphasis on the
dynamic equivalence concept over the formal correspondence. To achieve this, sometimes the translator has use
shift.
2.2. Procedure of Translating A procedure is the act or manner of proceeding
in any action or process.
According to Rochayah Machali,
the translation procedures only focus on the translation of word, phrase, clause, sentences
not the whole text.(2000:62) The procedures
that will be used in this thesis are shift and modulation.
2.2.1. SHIFT One of the translation proceduresis shift.
According to Catford, By `shifts' we
mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There are two major types of
`shift'. They are level shifts and category
shifts. (1965:73) 2.2.1.1.Category Shift
According to Catford category-shifts,
which are departures from formal correspondence
in translation, consist of structure-shift, class-shift, unit-shift (rank-changes), and intra
system-shift.(1965:76) i. Structure Shift. According to Catford , A
structure shift involves a change in
grammatical structure between the source language and the target language. (1965:77) Example: White house - 'Gedung putih ' ii.
Class Shift. According to Catford, class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the
original item.
(1965:78) (1) SL: The neighbours werehostile to the
family.
Adj.
TL: Para tetanggamemusuhi
keluarga tersebut. ' Verb iii.
Unit Shift. According to Catford, by unit-shift we mean changes of rank-that is, departures from formal
correspondence in which the translation
equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL.(1965:79) Example: These days translated intosekarang
(from phrase to word).
iv. Intra-system Shift. According to Catford, we
use the term intrasystem shift for those cases where the shift occurs
internally, within a system; that is,
for those cases where SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to
their constitution, but when the
translation involves selectionm of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.(1965:80) For example: Canstranslated
intokaleng-kaleng.Plural word in English
may be translated into reduplication in Indonesian language.
2.2.1.2. Level Shift According to Catford in, by a shift of level
we mean that a SL item at one linguistic
level has a TL translation equivalent at a different level.(1965:73) Meanwhile, accroding to Peter Newmark, A
`shift' (Catford's term) or `transposition'
(Vinay and Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL.
Transposition is the only translation procedure
concerned with grammar, and most translators make transpositions intuitively.
One type, the change from
singular to plural, e.g. `furniture'; des meubles; `applause', des applaudissements;
`advice', des conseils; or in the position
of the adjective: la maison blanche, `the white house' is automatic and offers the translator no choice. A second
type of shift is required when an SL
grammatical structure does not exist in the TL. Here there are always options. The third type of shift is the one
where literal translation is grammatically
possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL. The fourth type of transposition is the
replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.
A gerund is included in the
second type of shift. The shift is required when an SL grammatical structure does not
exist in the TL. For example, he English
gerund (`Working with you is a pleasure') offers many choices.
The gerund can be translated by verb-noun (le
travail, die Arbeit), or a subordinate
clause ('when, if, etc. I work with you'), with a recast main clause, or, in some languages, a noun-infinitive (e.g.
das Arbeiten, which is formal style), or
an infinitive. Peter Newmark thinks that the gerund is the most neglected of all translator'stranspositions.
(1981:85-88) 2.2.2. MODULATION In this
shift theory, there is also modulation. Modulation has to do with the changes related to the meaning shift, which
happens because the perspective or point
of view changes. According to Peter Newmark, the modulation procedures are active for passive, abstract for concrete,
cause for effect, one part for another, reversal
of terms, space for time, intervals and limits and change of symbols. Of these procedures, `active for passive'
(andvice versa) is a common transposition.
(1981:89) 2.3. Gerund According to W. Stannard Allen in, a gerund is
defined as the part of the verbs that
ends in –ing which has the force of a noun as well as that of a verb.(1991:177) According to Marcella Frank
in, gerund is defined as participial
forms used in noun function.(1972:97) According
to Helen Hoyt Schmidt, gerunds mean fulfilled actions (fulfilled before the action of the preceding verb).
nd action1st action (2) The manager remembered
to paying the bill (the action was fulfilled before the action of
the first, main verb) st action The manager remembered to pay the bill (the
action happened after the action of the first, main verb) (308) 2.3.1.
Function of gerund According to Marcella Frank, the gerund has
several functions: Gerund phrases may perform
all the functions that nouns do.
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