CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background
of the study, problem of study, objectives
of study, significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of Study If we analyze how a sentence works in a
sequence to produce coherent sentences
of language, at least there are two main point approaches which can be used, i.e. discourse analysis which focuses on
the structure of naturally spoken language
and text analysis which focuses on the structure of written language.
However, in particular both
discourse analysis and text analysis can be used in much broader sense to include all language
units with definable communication function,
whether spoken or written (Edmonson, 1981:4).
Brown and Yule (1983:9) specify
the meaning of discourse analysis as the study of human use language to communicate in
particular, how adresses work on the
linguistics messages in order to interpret them. In short, discourse analysis
as the frame work deals with the
language in use and how it is that language users interpret what other language uses intend to
convey, what has essential role in the study
of language.
The cooperative principle and
maxims, as in discourse studies, are often referred give a clear description of how
readers and listeners can sift information from an utterence although that information
has notbeen mentioned outright. In another
words, when we used the cooperative principle that conversation or communication can go smmothy.
There are four comments from
Grice and Renkema (1993:11) concerning with
cooperative principle. First, some maxims are rather vague. Second, making difficult information does not necessarily have
tomean that it is this maxim that is
being violated, since it can also be seen as a waste of time, energy and thus
as a violation of some efficiency
principles. Third, there are esthetic or social points of views. Grice suggests the maxims be “polite”.
Fourth, the validity of maxims is only
for language use.
Dealing with cooperative
principle, Grice proposes some maxims. The maxims are phrased as if they were
prescriptive rules, but this is not how they are intended; rather Grice’s point is that people
generally interpret utterences on the assumption
that the speaker is following these rules.
Not all communication either
verbal or nonverbal commnucation uses four
maxims of this cooperative principle. It disobeys Grice’s maxims either one maxim or more. They are called “flouting and
hedging maxims”. Moreover, it is flouting
when the speaker violates some maxims in producing the utterence in the form of rethorical strategies, namely
tautology, methapor, overstatement, understatement,
rhetorical question and irony. But,the maxims are hedged when the information is not totally accurate but it
seems informative, well founded and relevant,
moreover the speaker quotes the information from other people.
Everyone can produce utterences
whenever and wherever they are, for instance
in office, school, home, movie, etc. In movie, the characters produce utterence to make conversation with others.
There are many kinds of movies such as:
comedy movies, action movies, romantic drama movies, etc. One of the examples is romantic movie. This study focused
the investigation on romantic movie. The
researcher choose movie “Romeo and Juliet” as the object of research.
The object of this study is
chosen because of some reasons: first, up to now, the romantic movie is still popular in the world,
include in Indonesia. second,this is one
of the famous works of Shekespear created on 1597. third,in the movie when the main characters delivering their opinions,
expressing ideas and feeling, they often
flouted and hedged the maxims to strong, defend or maintain their opinions.
This movie is categorized as
romantic movie. The main characters in this movie are: Romeo and Juliet. This movie is the
new version which released by Twentieth
Century Fox in 1996, based on the story of Romeo and Juliet. After that, there is no movie of Romeo and Juliet
produced by any production house.
This movie tells us how Romeo and
Juliet fall in love each other.
Unfortunately, their family are
feuding each other in a long time but their great love can meet them although in paradise. Romeo
passed away after drinking poisons, and
Juliet passed away after shoot her head by herself. This movie is very interesting to be analyzed espescially using
flouting and hedging maxims. When the
main characters speak to the other, their utterences will show flouting and hedging maxims.
1.2 Problems of the Study From the background of the study, this study
is intended to answer the following
questions: 1. What are the maxims flouted and hedged by the
main characters in “Romeo and Juliet”
movie? 2. How are the maxims flouted and hedged by the
main characters in “Romeo and Juliet”
movie? 1.3 Objectives of the Study As stated in the problem of the study, the
objectives of this study are: 1. To describe the kind of maxim which are
flouted andhedged by the main characters
in “Romeo and Juliet” movie.
2. To describe the way the maxims are flouted
and hedged by the main characters in
“Romeo and Juliet” movie.
1.4 Significance of the Study The
findings of this research were supposed to give valuable contributions theoretically and practically. Theoretically,
the findings of this study were expected
to be one of the source in discourse studies particularly on the analysis of flouting and hedging maxims spoken
language. Practically, it is expected that this study would be useful for the teachers
and students of UIN Malang, espescially
at English Department. It is expected to be one of input in discourse analysis and to give knowledge how to analyze
flouting and hedghing maxims in spoken
language. This study is also expected to give an important direction for others who are interested in doing similar
researchin field in the future.
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the study This study is focused on analyzing the
utterences of flouting and hedging maxims
used by the main characters in “Romeo and Juliet” movie.
Actually there are many
components dealing with flouting and hedging maxims. The first, cooperative principle which
contained of four maxims; maxim of
quality, maxim of quantity, maxim of relevance or relation, and maxim of manner. The second, is implicature which is
devidedinto conventional implicature and
conversational implicature, moreover conversational implicature is devided into generalized and particularized
implicature. In this research the researcher
analyzes the utterances used by the maincharacters in “Romeo and Juliet” based on flouting and hedging maxim
theory above.
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