CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the introducti on. It
contains some subjects which explain about background of the study, statements
of the probl ems, object ives of the study, scope and limi t ati on and
significance of the study.
1.1 Background of the Study Li
terature i s a pi ece of wri t ing which expresses and communicates through feeling
and human atti tude in li terary works. We find many kinds of work that may
contain anyt hing which can be found in our life. It i s in accordance wi th
what Wellek and Warren (1993) sai d that some li terary cri t i cs see li
terature as a product of human creat ivi t y in form of wri tten or oral work.
When we tal k about li terature, we consi der that i t is an endless topic of
discussi on. We can find many lessons about life. Li terature i s a speech act
or textual event that elici ts certain kinds of extensi on, al so as the
product of convent i ons and certain kinds of extensi on (Culler, 1997:28).
Culler takes up five theori es
about the nature of li terature: wi th each, start f rom one perspect ive but
must, in the end, make all owance for the other.
First, li terature as the
‘foregrounding’ of language, li terariness is of ten said to lie above all in
the organi zat i on of language that makes li terature di st inguishable f rom
language used for other purposes. Li terature i s language that ‘foregrounds’ l
anguage i tself.
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Second, li terature as the integrati on of l
anguage, li terature is l anguage in which the vari ous elements and components
of the text are brought into a complex rel at i on. Third, li terature as ficti
on, li terary work is a linguist i c event which proj ects a fict i onal worl d
that includes speakers, actors, events, and an implied audi ence. Fourth, li
terature as aestheti c object, the features of li terature di scussed so far
the suppl ementary l evels of linguist ic organizati on, the separati on f rom practi
cal contexts of utterance, the fict i onal; rel at i on on the worl d may be
brought together under the general heading of the aesthet i c funct i on of l
anguage.
(Aesthet i c is histori cally
name for the theory of art and has involved debates about whether beaut y is an
object ive property of works of art or a subject ive response of viewer).
Fifth, li terature as inter-textual or self-reflexive construct, recent
theorists have argued that works are made out of other works: made possible by
pri or works whi ch they take up, repeat, challenge, transform.
A li terary work can be
portraying of the author’s life. By thei r works, they can express his/her
imaginat i on through i dea, mind and psychol ogi cal experi ence.
Li terature can be cl assified into
short story, novel, poetry and drama. From this research, the researcher takes
the novel as the obj ect of study to be her thesis.
Psychol ogy is also influenced in
the li terary work, to know the psychol ogical condi t i on of the author when
he/she creates the work. From the work of the author, we can understand the
psychologi cal condi t i on of the author.
The above explanati ons show that
a li terary work can reflect the author’s life. A li terary work may be assumed
as expressi on of the wri ter’s psychol ogical experience.
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Li terary work vi ewed as psychol ogi cal
phenomena, the psychol ogi cal aspects will appear through the characters if
the text likes drama or prose (Endraswara, 2003:96). Starting f rom the above
explanat i on, the researcher is interested in finding a psychol ogi cal
concern reflected in a novel . It becomes challenging for the researcher to
know more about history and psychol ogical theory through a li terary work. By
a novel ent i tle Go Ask Alice, the researcher intends to present a psychol ogi
cal approach in li terary research and woul d like to expl ore some important
probl ems related to psychol ogy.
The researcher analyzes a novel
that focuses on the personali t y of the main character, the story includes
into real story based on the di ary of teenagers drug user, whose name is
anonymous.
Personali t y is basically owned
by human beings, i t can di rect us to choose what we have in reaching the
greatest happiness in this worl d. The environment also influences our
personali t y and decisi on of our life. But, parents who become the most
important peopl e in our childhood cannot deci de what we want, because we have
been an adul t and realized the existence of our personali t y.
The real condi t i ons show that
many things can influence our personali t y.
“Personali t y is consistent
behavi or and interpersonal processes ori ginat ing wi thin the individual”
(Burger, 2000: 17). Thi s is not only defini t i on of personali t y but thi s
mi ght be the one, whi ch can help us to understand easily this point. G. W.
Allport as one of the psychol ogy
theorist who devel oped trai t approach, has his own opi ni on, which says
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individual of psychophysical system that
determines his unique adjust ment to hi s environment” (Suj anto et.al ,
1997:11).
Personali t y is included of the
aspects of psychol ogy. nowadays; psychol ogy becomes one of the important
probl ems. It is used by some peopl e who study the li terary works in analyze
a novel , short story, poem and movie. But i t doesn’t mean that we have to be
a psychol ogi st. We only use psychol ogi cal approach as a tool of
understanding about our field. In thi s case, the object of the research i s a
novel . Indeed the person who i s interested in analyzing a novel using the
psychol ogi cal of li terary cri t i cism shoul d study both li terature and
psychol ogy at once.
The novel used in this research
Go Ask Alice is a kind of an epistol ary work, a narrative constructed by
letters (in this case, di ary entri es)which is containing personal diary, and
i t i s published under byline ‘anonymous’, press interviews and the work of i
ts purported edi tor, Beatri ce sparks. Sparks sai d Go Ask Alice consisted
partly of the actual di ary of one of her pati ents, and partly of fict i onal
events based on her experiences working wi th other teens.
Go Ask Alice is the true story
taken f rom the diary of a confused teenage gi rl . It is the di ary of a young
teenage gi rl who has had probl ems wi t h drugs. Her name is menti oned in the
ti t l e “Alice”. She doesn’t really go onto her physical appearance much, but
there were times when we can tell that she was feeling depressed because she
woul d ment i on how she ei ther gained or l ost wei ght, or she woul d menti
on how she wore her hai r. A l ot of her anxiet y must begin when she moved to
a new town wi th her family. Through her di ary sounded like she fel t Created
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