CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter
elaborates the research
context, background of
the study, problems of the study, objectives of the
study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Implicature is
a little part
of discourse analysis
which the language (spoken
or written language)
and context are
inseparable. In spoken
language, such as conversation or
speech, the language used is often contextual. It means it is
inseparable from the situations
that happen in that time. Horn (2007:3) in the book of “The Handbook of Pragmatics” describes
the implicature is a component of
speaker meaning that constitutes an aspect of what is meant in the speaker‟s utterance without
being part of what is said. It means what is actually the speaker says
is characteristically far
richer than what
he directly expresses.
By using implicature, we are able to transfer our
purposes, ideas, or messages to someone else
implicitly. This case is also explained in the holy Qur‟an. Allah
SWT said in holy Qur‟an, surah al-Baqarah verse 235: No guilt shall be on you in the
indication of an engagement to women [148]
of what you suppress [149] in yourself. Allah knows that you will
remember them, but do not promise them
secretly unless you speak kind words [150]
(only at indication).
And do not resolve on the knot of
marriage until the waiting has reached its term.
And know that Allah knows what is
in your hearths. So be cautions of Him. And know that Allah in the forgiver [235].
The element (Al-Baqarah: 235).
[148] the women who her husband
was died and still waiting fo r 100 days.
[149] women
who can be
engaged by teasing
allusion are the
women who her husband
was died or bain divorce, whereas the women who are waiting because of raji‟i divorce
not allowed.
[150] good teasing allusion words.
The verse above purposes the good words are those which are able to be accepted
by moral value
in society. Those
are considered as
something good in society. Those
are sensible, correct,
respectful, pleasant, and
appropriate with norm
and logic. By
understanding about the
content of surah
al-Baqarah verse 235, we can take conclusion that a good
utterance is the utterance which is used and pronounced in good expression. This
utterance also must be appropriate with the
norm in order to be easy in understanding.
The term implicature is what is
created by the speaker to send message as brief and clear. It is the effort in
compressing meaning. Thus, the utterance that is uttered
will be shorter
and more efficient.
Implicature is also
as „planning utterance‟. For
example, in a
conversation with a
candidate of parent
in law, indirectly, we must arrange the utterances so
that as indirectly, it will be clear and well
mannered. This explanation
about the implicature
appropriates with what has
been stated in holy Qur`an al-Baqarah verse 235 that we have to be clear in speaking.
Implicature is also defined as anything that is
inferred from an utterance but
what is not a condition for the truth of the utterance. In the other words,
what is said is not necessary what is
meant. The book of Discourse Analysis
written by Brown and
Yule (1989:31) explains
that the term
implicature is used
by Grice (1975) to account for what a speaker can
imply, suggest, or mean, as distinct from what
the speaker literally
says. The language
used is often
contextual and interpretable. In addition, it has implied or
intended meaning. Furthermore, Grice as
quoted by Levinson
(1983:127) explains that
the term implicature
to be a general cover
to stand in
contrast to what
is said or expressed by
the truth condition
of expression, and
to include all kinds of
pragmatic (non-truthconditional)
inference discernible.
As a
brief account of
how the term
implicature is used
in discourse analysis, in Grice‟s article
under the title “Logic and Conversation” in the book of “The Discourse
Reader” edited by Adam and Nikolas (1996:67) the implicatures are pragmatic
aspects of meaning and having certain identifiable characteristics.
They are
partially divided from
the conventional or
literary meaning of an utterance, produced in a specific context,
which is shared by the speaker and the hearer.
The
theory of implicature is the one particularly used to analyze word and utterance.
In the book of
“The Discourse Reader”
edited by Adam
and Nikolas (1996:67)
Grice divided implicature
into conventional and
conversational implicature, who
further distinguished conversational implicature into generalized and particularized implicature.
A
study of implicature
is always interesting
to learn, which
language (spoken or
written language) and
context are inseparable.
In spoken language, such as conversation or speech, the language
used is often contextual. It means it is
inseparable from the situations that happen in that time.
Furthermore, the problems appear
among the countries in the world are not only because of the intention of those
countries in protecting their own country or fulfilling their necessities, but also because
of misunderstanding on the language usage.
Normally, the language is used as the tool of communication, to establish a good
relationship with others,
or to avoid
misunderstandings, but in
fact, in political speech, it is often used to attack
or marginalize other groups or countries even implicitly like the language used in
Barack Obama‟s speech. Because of this background, the researcher chooses this topic
to be discussed in this thesis.
The speech
of Barack Obama
about the death
of Osama bin
Laden was delivered
in Washington, May
2, 2011. This
speech is very
interesting to be discussed
using implicature theory because it consists of many utterances that are implicit,
including the politic
of the United
States, and needing
the context to know the
intended message delivered
by Obama. Also,
the intended message delivered by Obama always refers to the
situation of the United States in that time.
In addition, Barack Obama is the
most powerful man in the United States, moreover
in the world, and the death of Osama bin Laden is controversial. That is why;
his speech is
fully waited by
all people in
entire world especially
in the United States to confirm about the death of
Osama bin Laden. Politically, he also looks
for the safety for his own country and
maintains the stability of the United States after
the operation. Because
of those reasons,
every single word,
phrase, and sentence
is selected and
well prepared. So that;
his messages and
ideas are transferred well through his speech even
implicitly. Because of those reasons, the researcher chooses this speech to be
investigated using implicature theory.
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