CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study Speech
act is the basic unit of communication (Schiffrin, 1994: 54).
Speech acts are performed through
the use of conventional procedures and linguistically realized through
illocutionary force indicating devices. Austin (Stubss, 1993:152) expands the
concept that every speech act consists of three separate acts: an act of saying
something (locutionary act), act of doing something (illocutionary act), and
act of affecting someone or listeners (perlocutionary act).
The focus of investigation of
this research is illocutionary act.
Illocutionary acts are what is
constituted by the rules or what the speaker is doing in relation to the hearer
with stating, questioning, commanding and promising. Illocutionary act is
subject to the conditions and rules.
Study on illocutionary act has
been done by several researchers, for example Handayani (2004) who have studied
about illocutionary acts used by transexual people in Malang. The results of
her research showed that Illocutionary acts of assertive, directive,
commissive, expressive act. The most assertive act performed in this finding is
complaining act. For example: Merlin said: “Opo’o bar”. It is complaining act
because she tries to complain why the volley ball playing finished.
In addition, Anisiah (2005)
conducted speech acts used in Djarum advertisements, and she founds the
utterances actthat are performed, there are
illocutionary acts of stating, telling, ordering, asking, and
perlocutionary act of persuading and convincing. The speech acts of
advertisements performed are literally, non-literally, directly and indirectly.
And the perfectness of illocutionary act influences the level marketing of the
product.
Another researcher, Istiqomah
(2002), has investigated speech acts used by buyers and vegetable selers in
pasirian lumajang. She found that kind of speech acts used were
constantiveacts, directive act and commisive acts. The most constative acts
performed were informative acts, disputative acts, retridictive acts. The
directive acts were performed in requirement and questioning acts. Finally, the
commisive acts acts were in the formof promising and offering acts. In
analyzing the speech acts, she did not bagging with the analysis of felicity
conditios so that in this research the appropriateness of the ulterances were
not identified. She also didn’t include how the speech acts were performed in
line with whether it is literal or nonliteral.
This research analyzes
illocutionary acts used by Syaikh Ahmed Deedat and Pastor Stanley Sjoberg in A
Great Open Debate “Is Jesus God?” This research is important because of two
reasons: (1) itis an interesting debate in this era between a Moslem (Syaikh Ahmed
Deedat) who tries to clarify who Jesus is and Christian (Pastor Stanley
Sjoberg) who tries to prove that Jesus is God. It happens in Stockholm, Sweden
in 1985 and until now it is still a popular debate. (2) It is focuses on the
politician utterance that is a formal discussion that content illocutionary act
in a great open debate.
1.2 Problem of the Study This research focuses
on the following question: What illocutionary acts are used by Syaikh Ahmed
Deedat and Pastor Stanley Sjoberg in A Great Open Debate “Is Jesus God?”? 1.3
Objective of the Study Based on the problems mentioned above, the purpose of
this research is to describe the illocutionary acts used by Syaikh Ahmed Deedat
and Pastor Stanley Sjoberg in A Great Open Debate “Is Jesus God?” 1.4 Scope and
Limitation This research limited on analyzing utterances used by Syaikh Ahmed Deedat
and Pastor Stanley Sjoberg in A Great Open Debate “Is Jesus God?” The research
focuses only on description of illocutionary acts used by Syaikh Ahmed Deedat
and Pastor Stanley Sjoberg in A Great Open Debate “Is Jesus God?” by using
Austin’s theory. The illocutionary acts used are constantives, directives,
commissive, and acknowledgement.
1.5 Significance of the Study The
result of this research gives valuable findings in the field of speech act and
discourse studies which occur in debate. The results of this research are also
useful for the students and the teachers of English Department to understand illocutionary acts in debate. This
research is also expected to give an important direction and contribution for
the future researchers who are interested in doing similar researches.
1.6 Definition of the Key Term To
avoid misunderstanding, some terms used in this research need to be defined.
1. Speech acts: the act performed
in uttering certain utterances in a given context.
2. Illocutionary acts are the
expression of proposition with the purpose of doing something else. The act
performed as the result of the speaker utterances.
3 A Great Open Debate “Is Jesus
God?” is a debate between Pastor Stanley Sjoberg as a Christian and Syaikh
Ahmed Deedat as a Moslem that happens in Stockholm Sweden, which discusses
whether Jesus is God.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1
Speech Acts Speech acts are the study of language, meaning and communication.
Speech acts in general and
illocutionary act in particular can be performed in some various ways depending
on the speaker’s intention. Everyone makes an act when he/she speaks;
therefore, it is called speech act. As Yule (1985: 100) states “Speech acts are
the types of acts performed by a speaker in uttering a sentence”. The
fundamental insight of speech acts focuses on how meaning and action are
related to language. It influences the relationship between form and function
(Renkema, 1993: 21).
Austin (Schiffrin, 1994:50)
states that speech acts theory is concerned with meaning, use and actions.
Therefore, we can say that speech acts is study of the intended speaker’s
meaning when he/she uses the language while performing an act. Austin in
(Schiffrin, 1994: 50) also notices that uttering the sentence is a part of
doing an action. So, when people speak, they do not only or just say something
but also perform an action to emphasize what they mean.
According to Brinton (2000: 307),
the speech acts theory has been developed by a British philosopher John Searle.
He developed speech act theory from a basic belief that language is used to
perform actions. Austin in Grundy(2000: 50) distinguished three kinds of action
within utterances: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
There are three kinds of speech acts. The first
kind is locutionary acts.
Austin (1955:94) says
“locutionary act is the sense ofsaying something is to do something; in saying
something we do something considered as illocutionary act; and even by saying
something we do something”. Austin (in Leech, 1996:199) makes among three kinds
of speech acts: (1) a locutionary (performing the act of saying something),
(2)an illocutionary act (performing an act in saying something), and (3) a
perlocutionary act (performing an act by saying something).
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