CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study The Quran : Meaning : And my brother Harun he
is more fluent his lip than me, so that to message him with me as my assistant to correct my
speech; actually I have worried to them
toward falsehood me.
Meaning : We did
not delegate a
person messenger but
with their religious
official language, so that he got
explanation clearly for them, so Allah he lost his way, who want and gave guideline who want. And
He is almighty and great wise.
The primary
data of language
is sound. Sound
is produced by human speech
organ to convey
message from the
speakers to the
hearer.
The study of human speech sound
is called as phonology, and the study of meaningful unit of sound and their arrangement
into longer utterances are called as
grammar Ramelan (1988
: 3). People
speak a language
is also called as a tool to express the ideas and wishes.
Without language, it is hard for people
to cooperate and get along one another.
There are
around 5000 up
to 6000 languages
around the world.
From these
numbers of language
of course there
are also many
ways to produced them. People speak their first
language well but it will different, if they
learn other languages.
In speaking other
language or known
as second language
most of people
get difficulties in
imitating the way pronouncing, stressing,
and the intonation.
It is because
of their second organ of speech has set to produced their
first language. Mostly people get their second
language by learning
while first language
by acquiring. In foreign
language, people will meet all kinds of learning language problems.
The common difficulty is in
learning of the new sound system. The system of
sound can be
pronunciation, stressing, intonation,
pitch, accent, and relative
height.
The degree
of difficulties in
learning foreign language
is also determined by the differences between the
mother language and the target language.
Greater similarities between the languages become easier to learn the target language. Non native speaker
teachers will find many difficulties in learning
English, because the
degree of similarities
between language and English is very low. The similarities
element between native and target language
will make the learner easier to produce
the sound, for example, Indonesian sound
of / m / in word Mata is much like the
sound of / m / in English in word mother.
The similarities of the sound of / m / make non native
speaker teachers easily
use this native
sound to produce
the same sound
in target language.
This process called
as transferring one's
native sound into the native
language.
In this
research, the researcher
will focus on
suprasegmental Phonemes. Because
suprasegmental phonemes concern with the production of the sound.
The non native
speaker teachers cannot
overlook suprasegmental phonemes
because they are
usually different in
different language, the
non native speaker
teacher may be
produced the foreign sound
correctly, but if suprasegmental
phonemes of the
mother tongue transferred
to the foreign
language the English
native speaker will
stamp their speech as “foreign”
(Fromkin, 1997 : 216). Fromkin said. Mostly, non native speaker teachers in Indonesian speak
English in their mother tongue or we can
say medok. If the learner's mother
tongue is Madurese, they
will speak English as when the
speak Madurese including the stress,
intonation, pitch, and
even accent. So do the
non native speaker
teachers that their mother
tongue is Javanese. Generally, English is extreme in using stress in speaking
than other languages.
Who reduce unstressed
vowel systematically, and will not
control their tongue when producing unstressed vowel. Instead, the tongue body will reach
whatever point is convenient in getting
from the preceding consonant to the following consonant.
In many languages, the changing
of which syllable is stressed can change
the meaning of a word. For example : word
survey in English can be
used as noun
and as verb
it depends on
how the speaker
stresses the syllable. Survey as noun if the speaker
stresses the first syllable for example According to
the sŭrvey more
than 60% Indonesian
society is under poverty. While
word survey will
be as verb
if the speaker
stresses the second
syllable as in
; I survěy
the village society.
In Spanish, the
word termino, will have
three meaning when
we stress it
in different syllable.
When we stress word termino in
“e”, (těrmino) its meaning will be “end” (noun), when
we stress in
“i”, (termȋ no) the
meaning is “I'm
finishing”, but if
we stress in
“o”, (terminŏ) the
meaning is 'she
/ he finished'.
(http//www.segmental.com/php?id=325).
This research
is very important
to be conducted
due to mostly
of foreign language
teachers, especially non
native speaker teachers
are different and similar stress the syllable where it should be, so
the speech the produced
sometimes makes an
ambiguous meaning, so
this research aimed at minimizing misunderstanding. In
addition this research also useful for cross
culture understanding. By
knowing the stress,
intonation, and pitch
of the speaker
we can recognize
what their mother
tongue is. As Liddicoat
in Davies ( 2004 : 27 ) said that the core of language is sound.
This statement
is the main
reason of this
research. Research topics
that were conducted
shows preference to
make important written
language research and leave
spoken language research.
The human vocal apparatus is
capable of producing a great variety of
noises. Many of these do not count as speech sound, such as coughs and snores and grunts, but we caution readers
against being too narrow in their notion
of speech sounds. It would be quite wrong to assume that English, or even
Western European Languages,
are fully representative of phonological
possibilities, and the range of sound which we shall cover is far wider that occurs in any
one language. In particular there are sounds, such
as the kind
of click sound
which many English
speakers use to express.
In this
chapter I will
work towards developing
a repertoire of all
possible
speech sounds and
a framework in
which to describe
them although, as I will shortly
see, I will do better to think in terms of human ability to make distinctions or differences in
sound, rather that in terms of an
inventory of sound.
Linguistics is
already well served
with introductory texts
: exposition and
explanation which are
comprehensive,
authoritative, and excellent
in their way.
Generally speaking, however,
their way is the
discipline of
linguistics, and they
tend to be
lengthy and technical
: appropriately so, given their
purpose, but they can be quite daunting to the novice. There is also a need for more general
and gradual introduction to language :
transitional texts which will ease people into an understanding of complex ideas.
Therefore, the researcher is not to supplant but to support the more academically
oriented to linguistics
: to prepare
the conceptual ground.
They are based on the belief that
it is an advantage to have a broad map of the terrain sketched out before one considers
its more specific Phonemes on a smaller
scale, general context
in reference to
which the detail
makes sense. It is sometimes the
cases that students are introduced to detail with out it being made clear what it is a detail.
There are
many people are
interested in language
without being academically
engaged in linguistics.
Such people may
recognize the importance of understanding language for their
own lines of enquiry, or for their own
practical purpose or
quite simply for
making them aware
of something which figures so
centrally in their everyday lives. If linguistics has
revealing and relevant
things to say
about language, this
should presumably not be
privileged revelation, but one accessible to people other than linguistics.
Speaking to each other is one of
the most interesting things that we human
being do. Each of us has mind, private
world filled with thoughts, feeling, and
memories. We have
many ways of
communicating these in such
a way that they enter the minds of other people. Sometimes we find it convenient to communicate by means of writing,
and good writing can let us see things
clearly from the writer's own perspective. For people who are for some reason unable to speak, it is also
possible to communicate by sign language, or
by using a
pointer and a
computer screen. Many
art forms work
by conveying the
thoughts and feeling
of the artist
music, for example, can tell us a great deal about the
inner feeling of a composer, even one
who has been dead for centuries.
A quite different form of
communication is one that we share with many
other animals : gestures and facial
expressions. We make extensive use
of these and can describe in great detail how people do so : we can talk about
someone waving his
hand dismissively or
giving someone an appealing
look or turning away in mock anger. But although there are many different
ways of communicating, when
it comes to
telling other people what
we want to
tell them, what
we use most
is speech, and
this is something which is only available to human
beings.
In tone language, it is usually
relatively easy to see the function of the different
tones. However, in
languages which do
not use tone
in this way,
it is harder
to explain what
we are doing
when we make
use of changes in pitch, loudness, and other
suprasegmental phonemes of speech.
There are several such Phonemes :
what they all have in common is that we usually
see them as properties of pieces of speech which will be at least as long as one syllable and may extend for many
words. So if. For example, I say “no”
loudly, it is most likely that both the / n / sound and the / au / will be
loud. If I say “hurry” quickly, then all the phonemes of that word will be said quickly. The most important
suprasegmental phonemes of speech are pitch, loudness, tempo (that is, speed), and
voice quality, but these are by no means
the only ones. The study of these Phonemes is often referred to as the
study of prosody.
Two such Phonemes
form basis for
specially important functions,
stress and intonation.
1.1. Research Problems 4. What
are the similarities
in English speech
between native and
non native speaker teachers ? 2. What
are the differences
in English speech
between native and
non native speaker teachers ? 1.2. Objective of the Study This study
intends to present
the description of
suprasegmental phonemes produced
by English native and non native speaker
teachers and the researcher want to know
the similarities and differences between native and non native speaker teachers.
1.3. Significance of the Study The phonological
study is a person part linguistics study. The result of
this study is
hoped to give
contribution : first
to enrich cross
culture understanding. By knowing
the way our partner speaking saying something such
as the way
to stress, intonation,
pitch and also
accent, we can understand
their culture background and their
mother tongue. Secondly is also minimize
misunderstanding between English
native and non
native speaker teachers. Then to
understand imperfection in using language, that different
sound has different
meaning thought it
has the same
phonetics transcription. Finally
is to develop
not only right
English teaching for foreign
language learners but also for English native speakers to understand the difficulties that faced by foreign language
teachers.
1.4. Scope and Limitation In this
research, the researcher
focus only on
the suprasegmental phonemes
which has big
role in mutual
understanding in speaking.
The object of
this study are
first : The
English teachers have
ever joined in English
club from Islamic senior high school,
The second object is English native speaker's speech is taken from BSNP Definition
of the Key Term
Suprasegmental Phonemes : are those
articulator phonemes which are superimposed
over more than
one segments. These
are known as suprasegmental
and it includes stress, pitch, intonation, and tone. Stress, tone, and pitch are assigned to syllable or
even longer combinations of sounds
rather than individual sounds.
Foreign language teachers : the teachers
whose their mother tongue is not English.
They could be in English
speaking and the
part of them have
ever joined in English course or English club.
BSNP : ( Badan standart nasional pendidikan
) is a listening recorder it used by the students of senior high school
when the last examination of national.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE 2.1. Suprasegmental Liddicoat in
Davies (2004 : 30) stated
that individual sound
are considered to be discrete
segments : however, some of the sound properties of
language extend more
that one segment.
These are known
as suprasegmental and
it includes stress,
pitch, intonation, and
tone. Stress, tone,
and pitch are
assigned to syllable
or even longer
combinations of sounds
rather than individual
sounds. Same as
Liddicoat, Roach (2001
: 113) also defined
suprasegmental phonemes as
phonemes of speech (such as pitch) which are usually a property of
stretches of speech longer than the individual
segments.
2.2. Stress Boey
(1975 : 33) stated that stress refers to the prominence of the particular
syllable in a
word, usually the
result of a
difference in the loudness, pitch,
and the duration
for example the
underlined syllable of English
word devèlop, lànguage and
abòut have greater prominence ones are unstressed. In English unstressed syllable
are often reduced, as in about, where
the unstressed vowel is pronounced as (ə).
Longer word may have secondary stress, a
syllable with more prominence that a stress syllable, but less
prominence than a
stress syllable as
in underlined syllable
of còntroversial, mísdemeanor.
Fromkin (1997 : 216) explained
that the secondary
stress marked by
(´) before the
syllable. Secondary stress (medium stress
– not the loudest one, but not
unstressed either) is indicated with a lowered vertical line at the beginning
of the syllable. For example is the difference
between delegate as
a verb and
as a noun
is a good illustration
of difference between secondary stress and absence of stress; / dεlə'get
/ and / dεləget / 2.2.1.
Stress in Different Part of Speech Stress distinguish
different part of
speech, as in the
corresponding nouns (with initial
stress).
Noun Verb Próduce
Prodúce Áddress Addréss Import Import There
are also derivationally –
related pairs that
show the same stress pattern.
Concéive (V) and
cóncept (N), procéed
(V) and prócess (N), preténd (V) and prétense (N). But
there are also many exception; respéct
and rewàrd both are noun and verb.
2.2.2. Stress in Idiom Stress distinguishes a word
from phrase (idiom), as in the corresponding
sets bellow.
Word (conversion) Phrase (V + particle) Wàlkout To wàlk óut Púshover To púsh óver Rípoff To ríp óff Càve - in To càvé in Usually word
only has one
stress but phrases
have more than one stress that can be primary and
secondary, secondary and secondary, or
primary and primary.
2.2.3. Stress in Derivational Word Stress pattern
in derivationally related
words distinguish part of speech. For example; díplomat (N,
concrete) diplómacy (N, abstract) and
diplomàtic (A), phótograph
(N, concrete) photógraphy (N, abstract) photogríphic (A).
From these example, it is
clear that different
part of speech
will different place
of the stress. The different placement of stress is
as the effect affixes. The place of
stress for concrete
noun is in
the first syllable,
for the abstract
noun in the
second syllable while
for adjective is
in the third syllable.
2.2.4. Stress Related to Full Vowel Stress in
not unrelated to
full vowels ;
unstressed vowels may or may not be reduced to (ə) while stressed vowel
generally full such
as explain (ei)
and explanation (ə), emphàtic
(ǽ) and émphasize (ə).
Sometimes we also have strong and weak stress of the same words for example ; word and, for
strong stress it will be (ǽnd),
for the weak stress it will be ( ənd, ən,
n ) the example of weak stress of word
and shown as this following sentences ; I have got to make dinner and make clean up. In addition, there are also weak and strong from of sequences for example
; I am > I'm > aiǽ m > aiəm. The reduction of stress
usually happen to the article a, an,
the, and to, when they occur before the word beginning with a consonant. This reduction of vowel sounds not
due to “sloppiness” or “laziness” but it
is completely natural.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar