INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the
background of study, statement of the problem, objective of study, significance of the study,
scope of limitation, and the definition of the key term.
I.I Background of the Study A
debate consists of arguments for and against a given proposition. Debate may be used by an individual to reach a
decision in his own mind, or it may be used by an individual or a group seeking to secure
a decision others (Freely, 1986: 02). A good
debater should be able to present their arguments consistently. To become consistent in their role of speaker, a debater
should qualify their message in several ways,
first, they have to explain the ambiguous term of the topic, the debater have
to know the issue well, second, it is
not enough for the debaters only understand the issue without knowing how to defend their own
argument and refute the opponent (Ruetten
& Smalley, 1986).
As the compilation of debate
guidebook of ADC (Advance Debate Community)
(2007) mentions that in the debate, one group of people represents affirmative and other acts a negative team.
There are three speakers in each team.
Every speaker has their own role.
The st affirmative speaker team has to
give definition the term and give
explanation of the issue and case. The st
negative speaker should give respond and
strong argument toward the case. The nd speaker
both of affirmative and negative team
have the same duty, they should give refutation,
concede argument, substantial arguments and make strong arguments to support the st speaker, it also in the rd speaker summarize what the st and the nd speaker have already stated.
Every speaker attempts to be
consistent with their role and make a strong argumentation which influences the thought and
action of others, and convinces them (Crocker,
1944). Argumentation is any set statements-explicit-implicit - one of which is they conclusion and others are the
arguments allegedly providing the defense (Lepore, 2000: 06). Most people like to make arguments in some
cases, and they tend to defend their arguments when other people disagree with
their statement.
In debate an argument ensues when
two teams disagree about something. One side
gives an opinion and reason to support the topic and another side gives
different opinion and offers reason to
support their own stand. A strong argument will be considered logical when it is supported by
appropriate evidence (Smalley & Ruetten, 1982). For example, in the topic of “Modern
technology is more friendly than foe”, the
proponent will say “Yes, that modern technology will be useful for human life” and the contra group will provide some logical
reasons and evidences. A good argument
must be convincing, and the reason given must be developed with sufficient evidence such as specific facts and examples.
Therefore, an argument is made up of a series
of claim (assertion), these statement express the people belief in one side of
the issue. The claim also represents of
appeal means that an argument can convince others, logic, values or fairness and emotion
(Pharr & Buscemi, 2005) In delivering the argument, language plays an
important role to show its power. For
example, the primary purpose of an argument may be to persuade others to accept some belief or undertake some
actions, an argument might easily to informing,
amusing, or inspiring others (Miller, 2006:05). In a sociolinguistic concept, language used to express the idea is
a surface definition. Fishman (1972) formulates
that sociolinguistics is concerned with “who speaks what language to whom, when and to what end”. According to Halliday (1973), speaker can
show their emotion, want and the way of
thinking by looking at the language they are using.
Moreover, with language the
speaker is able to persuade the hearer to follow the speaker‟s thought.
For this purpose, the speaker needs a strategy to make logical, provable and convincing arguments.
Studies on argumentation have
been done by several people. For example, Faradilla (2004) examines persuasive
expression used in cosmetic advertisements in Indonesian private television. In her
research, she found out some usages of persuasive
expressions in advertising cosmetic on TV. The advertisement can be said persuasive if they fulfill the requirements of
fundamental persuas ion, those are the personal
character of the advertisement, the ability of adviser to control the viewer emotion, and showing the evidence to the
viewer.
The more closely related study to
the present research is conducted by Rahmah
(2008) in which she looks at the argumentative characteristics of essays of senior high school students. She finds the
types of argumentation in written form made
by students. Those are argumentative of
analogy, argumentative of cause, argumentative
of fact, and argumentative of value Both
Faradilla (2004) and Rahmah (2008) analyze argumentative expressions in the written form. The present research,
however, focuses on the characteristics of argumentative used in debate. More
specifically, this study investigates Indonesian debaters in defending their arguments and
refuting the opposing arguments.
This topic is significant for
some reasons. First, because argument is the main component in the debate in which every speaker
should have. Second, in the limited time,
every speaker should have the strong arguments which support their opinion and they have to be able to convince the
adjudicator. How they manage their language
is significant in determining hoe adjudicators evaluable them. Third, debate is a communicative activity, as when people disagree with others opinion,
they can refute and show their own
opinion directly This research concerns in utterances of the debater in making
the argumen, Based on the above
rationale, this following research problem is formulated.
1.2 Statements of the Problem Based on the background before, there is a
problem that should be discussed. This
research obtains the question below: How are the characteristics of
argumentation made by the Indonesian English Debaters in Indonesian Varsities English
Debate (IVED) 2009? 1.2
Objective of Study Concerning the question above the objective of
study is to describe how the argumentation used by Indonesian English
Debaters during they are doing debate in Indonesian Varsities English Debate (IVED)
2009.
1.4 Significance of the Study There
are two significances of doing this research. First, theoretically the results
of this research take a part in building the use of argumentative expressions.
Second, for students they learn that the use of logical and appropriate
language is very important to provoke, convince, persuade,
and prove the interlocutor. Moreover, the
use argumentation in the speaking, help them to deliver their argument systematically to make the interlocutor
understand easily.
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