CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study Implicature
as the pragmatics subfield of linguistics is always important to analyze. Implicature is the implications of an
utterance that go beyond what is strictly
implied by the content of the utterance. Horn (2007: 3) stated that implicature is a component of speaker meaning
that constitutes an aspect of what is
meant in a speaker‟s utterance without being part of what is
said. Many researchers have
conducted a study on implicature in many different discourses, such as: seller and buyer in the market, song,
picture, advertisement media and novel.
For example, Nuryanti (2003)
investigated implicatures used by sellers and buyers in Blimbing Market Malang. Her data
were in the form of conversations
collected from fish and meat sellers and buyers in Blimbing Market when they were doing transaction in the
morning and afternoon. To get the data, she
recorded the conversations from one fish seller, one meat seller, and eleven buyers. The results of her study show that
conventional implicatures were used by fish
and meat sellers and their costumers when they thought that their utterances were needed to be asserted by a lexical item‟s agreed meaning. Its aims were to show their attention implicitly although it
was not conveyed as required as possible,
be brief, but it did not rise misinterpretation. Furthermore, the fish and meat sellers used generalized conversational
implicatures when they thought that their
utterance were clear, be brief, not ambiguous for their consumers and did not depend on a specific concept and vice versa.
Otherwise, when their utterance depended
on a specific context, they used particularized conversational implicature. Beside that, Nuryanti also found
that implicatures were done by fish and
meat sellers by using certain ways, such as irony, personification, hyperbole, and metaphor. It aims to influence the buyers,
to reject or receive the cure, and so on.
Wahyuni (2003) also investigated
implicature used by cake sellers and buyers
in traditional market Dinoyo Malang. The utterances used by cake sellers and buyers were the result from different
mother tongues and the information were
often conveyed implicitly. Her participants were cake sellers and buyers of Sundanese, Madurese, and Javanese.
Nevertheless, they used Javanese language to communicate and do transaction. The results
of her study show that conventional
implicature was used when the information being conveyed was conventional situation and hesitant utterances
were produced using lexical item. In addition,
generalized implicature was used when the information being conveyed is clear, complete, and using general word.
Whereas particularized implicature was
used when the information of cake sellers‟ and buyers‟ utterances are unclear, incomplete, and using specific word.
Another relevant study was
investigated by Laila (2004) who analyzed implicatures of Islamic Javanese songs used by
people in Sisir-Batu. Her study is focused
on analyzing the implicatures of Islamic Javanese songs by using Grice‟s theory of implicature.
Islamic Javanese songs are the religious songs used to remember and praise God in Islamic tradition.
The messages of religious Javanese songs
are often conveyed implicitly. The songs told about the death and the next life which must be known by the society. The
results of her study show that conversational
generalized implicature is used when the information given tells about the invitation to do good works and
always remember God in the world, while
conversational particularized implicature is used when the author of songs did not give the clarity and sufficiency of
information to the listeners.
Furthermore, conventional
implicature is used when the information being uttered gives information about the conventional
situation and hesitant utterance.
Wahyuni investigated the
linguistic background of her participants. She found that her participants are Sundanese,
Madurese, and Javanese. On the other hand,
Nuryanti was just focus in investigate implicature and she did not investigate her participants‟ language background. The studies above identified the use of implicature, but their data just
focused on analyzing the utterances by using
Grice‟s theory of implicature, did not use the cooperative principle,
and their data were in Javanese language
which collected from Malang and Batu which
are parts of East Java. People who live in that area have unifying language (Indonesian language) and they have different
language background which are their
ancestral languages such as: Javanese, Madurese, Sundanese, Chinese, Arabic, etc. However, almost 90 percent people
in that area using Javanese language to
communicate with other people. Since long time ago, Javanese has been used as medium of communication in Batu
and Malang for social, economic, also
religious activities. So far, recent studies only deal with oral
expression in public places or with
written expression in newspaper and novel. The present study analyzes implicature
on “The Funniest Joke in the World” article in the “Reader‟s Digest”.
“Reader‟s Digest”
is chosen because “Reader‟s Digest”
is an international magazine that
has high quality of language. It can be called magazine with the best English language in Indonesia. “Reader‟s Digest” is published in 50 editions in 21 languages. It is published monthly by
Reader‟s Digest Asia. “Reader‟s Digest” consists of some articles which
contain many issues and inspired stories.
They are divided into some
departments, those are: Interact, @Work, Health Smart, Heroes, Right Here Right Now, My Story,
Facts, Word Power, Dreamers, Kindness of
Strangers, Unbelievable!, Ask Aunty, Quotes!, Laugh!, Service, Around the World, The Guide, Life, and Last
Laugh.
In the present study, the
researcher chooses “The Funniest Joke in the World” article. This article can be found in
September 2009 edition of “Reader‟s Digest” magazine. It is part of “Laugh!”
department. This article consists of 30 jokes
from some countries around the world in English language. The countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada,
China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland,
France, Germany, Hungary, India, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Sweden,
Switzerland, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, and United States.
Early 2009, “Reader‟s Digest” editors from around the world have been polling their countrymen to find the funniest
joke in their land. Some of their jokes
will make you guffaw, some will make you groan, some will make you scratch your head, some will leave you
confused because of the cultural differences, and others will look familiar.
The present study is important
because the researcher did not find previous implicature studies investigating implicature
in the jokes yet. We can study the use
of implicature of jokes from some countries. It will be different and unique because each country has it own style and
characteristics in making jokes.
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