CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the
introduction of the study which comprises background of the study, research problems,
objectives of the study, scope and limitation,
significance of the study, and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Grammatical
cohesion is form of cohesion realized through grammar (Halliday and Hasan, 1976:5). It relates to
the internal structure of ties or devices which are used to relate words, clauses, and
sentences in a text. Grammatical cohesion
is classified into four devices; reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. These devices are important to
the connectedness and unity in both of
written and spoken text. Besides, grammatical cohesion mostly exists within in both of written and spoken text. Most of the
writers and speakers who produce the text
do not understand about the existence of these devices and the function of these devices. So, it is very important to us
in knowing the kinds and function of grammatical
cohesion which applied in both of written and spoken text correctly.
In this study, the researcher
takes the text of Barack Obama‟s speech in Al-Azhar University on June 4, 2009 as the
object of the study. This speech consists
of introduction, body, and conclusion. Body of the speech discusses about seven issues. All of these issues discuss
about the different matter such as social, politic, economic, and religious. Moreover,
the uniqueness of this study, Obama as the speaker can manage this speech into a unity speech. The unity of
the speech is very influenced by the relation
of the internal structure within introduction, body, and conclusion in the speech. This relation is influenced by ties or
devices which used to connect words, sentences,
and clauses among the speech. The ties are signaled by grammatical cohesion namely reference, substitution,
ellipsis, and conjunction. Therefore, this speech contains linguistics uniqueness in part
of grammatical cohesion and it is very
interesting to be analyzed.
Considering to the linguistics
uniqueness above, the researcher wants to study about the grammatical cohesion of Barack
Obama‟s speech in Al-Azhar University.
By conducting this study, the researcher studies the kinds and functions of grammatical cohesion used in
Barack Obama‟s speech which is analyzed
by using the theory of Halliday and Hasan. Therefore, it is expected that this study becomes an additional knowledge to
the reader who wants to learn about
grammatical cohesion.
Moreover, many students in
English Letters and Language Department of
the State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang have studied the branch of linguistics in the area of
discourse analysis using the speech act, critical discourse analysis, and politeness
strategies approaches in analyzing Barack
Obama‟s speeches. But, the researcher finds a small amount of
researcher studies about cohesive
devices particularly in the study of grammatical cohesion.
Related to the study of cohesive
devices, there are three previous researchers
who have studied about the part of cohesion. The first researcher is Rohmat Hidayat (2007) who has studied about
the kinds and function of cohesive devices
in the text of Bush‟s second presidential inaugural speech.
He used the theory of Halliday
and Hasan in analyzing grammatical and lexical cohesion as the devices of cohesive devices. The result of
his study, he found the kinds of grammatical
and lexical cohesion in the text of Bush‟s Second
Presidential speech. In
grammatical cohesion, the most widely used was reference which used to indicate reference pronoun. Then, the
second position was conjunction which used
to indicate a connection between ideas. After that, the third position was ellipsis which used to simplify the sentences
of utterances. And no substitution was found
in the text. Nevertheless, in lexical cohesion which covers reiteration and collocation, it was found that the most
widely used in the text was reiteration namely
repetition. However, collocation was rarely found.
The second researcher is Erna
Rosita (2008), who has studied about the kinds of cohesive devices and how these
devices contribute to the connectedness and
unity of the universal declaration of human rights articles. He also used the theory of Halliday and Hasan in analyzing
grammatical and lexical cohesion. The result
of her study showed that the kinds of grammatical and lexical cohesion were found in the text of the universal
declaration of human right articles. In grammatical
cohesion, all of the kinds of grammatical cohesion; reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction were found
in the articles. And. in lexical cohesion,
the kinds of lexical cohesion; reiteration and collocation also used in the Human Rights articles. The result of her study
also describes the principle of cohesion
used to the relevance of connectedness and unity within the articles. The
last researcher is Toyo Haryono (2005), a student of Petra Christian University, who specified his study only on
the analysis kinds of grammatical cohesion
and what these kinds of grammatical device mostly used in website banners. He also used the theory of Halliday
and Hasan in analyzing the kinds of grammatical
cohesion namely reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction in the website banners. The result of his study,
reference was mostly used in the website
banners. While, other devices of grammatical cohesion namely substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction were
rarely used in the website banners.
The difference of this study from
those earlier studies is; although using the same theory of Halliday and Hasan, the
object and research problems which are
formulated in this study are different. In this study, the researcher uses
spoken text as the object of the study.
It is different from the previous researchers who mostly used written text as the object of
their study. Besides, the researcher only focuses in analyzing the kinds and function of
grammatical cohesion of Barack Obama‟s speech in Al-Azhar University. Consequently, the analysis of this
study is more specific than the
previous studies.
1.2 Research Problems Based on
the background of the study above, the research problems can be formulated as follows: 1. What
the kinds of grammatical cohesion are used by Barack Obama‟s speech in Al-Azhar University?
2.
What the functions of grammatical cohesion are used by Barack Obama‟s speech in
Al-Azhar University? 1.3
Objectives of the Study Based on the research problems, this study is intended:
1. To identify the kinds of grammatical
cohesion of Barack Obama‟s speech in Al-Azhar University.
2. To identify the function of grammatical
cohesion of Barack Obama‟s speech in Al-Azhar University.
1.4 Scope and Limitation This
study focuses on the analysis of grammatical cohesion of Barack Obama‟s speech in
Al-Azhar University on June 4, 2009. This speech consists of introduction, body, and conclusion. Then, the
researcher only analyzes the body of speech‟s text because from this body of speech‟s text
we can know the function of grammatical
cohesion in relating the different issues.
The body of the speech discusses
about seven issues; violent extremism, situation
between Israelis-Palestians and the Arab world, the rights and responsibilities of nations on nuclear
weapons, democracy, religious freedom, women’s
rights, and the last is economic development and opportunity. All of these issues are difference, but Obama can
relate it into a unity speech by using the
devices of grammatical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan state that grammatical
cohesion consists of four devices;
reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Therefore, the researcher analyzes all of these devices in
Barack Obama‟s speech using the theory
of Halliday and Hasan in grammatical cohesion.
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