CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study As social
beings, people are dependent on others and they need to communicate with others. To get helps from
others, they should convey their thoughts,
feelings, and their needs through a language in a certain way. Those who receive the messages will do something as
the response to them. Meanwhile, it is
possible that they fail in their communication and it often causes unfulfilled aims. People have their own manner to express
their ideas and their feeling to other
people by using language. However, they have to follow the cultural system in which and on which language is used. It is
needed to avoid misunderstanding between
the speaker and the hearer. Wardhaugh (1986:274) states that in speaking to others, we make use of sentences, or to be
more precise utterances.
Richard and Schmidt (1983:120)
argue that people engaged in communication
share common principles of communication leading them to interpret each other's utterances. Thus,
communication is cooperative between the speaker and the hearer. They share the same
assumption and expectation about the topic
and how to develop their communication.
Cooperative Principle and its
maxims which is studied on discourse are often referred to as they provide a lucid
description ofhow listeners and readers can
distill information from an utterance even though that information has not been mentioned outright, so it can conclude
that conversation or communication can
go on smoothly if the Cooperative Principle is used.
According to Grice (1975),
Cooperative Principle has four maxims: maxim
of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance, and maxim of manner.
Grice (1975: 45-47) has described
the Cooperative Principle with its four conversational
maxims, which speakers are to fulfill in conversation. The maxims are outlined as follows: 1.
Maxim of Quantity: Make your contribution just as informative as required 2.
Maxim of Quality: Make your contribution one that is true 3.
Maxim of Relation: Make your contribution relevant 4.
Maxim of Manner: Avoid obscurity and ambiguity, be brief and orderly However, not all communication either verbal
or non-verbal communication uses four
maxims or this Cooperative Principle. It disobeys of Grice's maxims either one maxim or more. It is
called by 'flouting and hedging maxims'.
Moreover, it is flouting whenthe speaker namely tautology, metaphor, overstatement, understatement,
rhetoricalquestion, and irony. Furthermore, the maxims are hedged when the information is not
totally accurate but seems informative,
well founded and relevant. The information is taken by quoting from another person's opinion.
Since the written discourse becomes the object
of investigation, it is necessary to
clarify that the study does not concern itself with some kind of discourse as is commonly known, for discourse
analysis has its own parameters of analysis
that focuses of how sentences inspoken and written language from larger meaningful units such as paragraphs,
conversations, interviews, etc. In this respect,
the study does not deal with, for example, how the choice of articles, pronouns, and tenses affects the structure of
the discourse as commonly practiced in
Discourse Analysis, or the moves made by the speakers to introduce a new topic, change the topic, or assert a higher
role relationship to other participants as is usually associated with what is called
Conversational Analysis (Coudhart, 1985).
To see if the Gricean Principles alsoapply to
written statements, we need to review
several thoughts proposed by several experts concerning with writing.
Brown and Yule (1986) suggest
that any composition as one from the written communication between the writer and his/her
reader. To do so the writer is imagining
if he or she is in the process of communicating with someone i.e. the reader. This is certainly a difficult task.
Corasso and Stanford (1983) state that learning
to write involvecertain skills in thinking, organization, and communicating. They further argued that these
skills are the results of years of practice
in listening, speaking, reading, and writing itself. Over the years, a great deal of control in language use in a sense of
word choice, an awareness of logical units
of thought, and an ability to selectdetail has been required. As so, one has mastered the difficult basics of language.
Newspaper is used as a means of
communication in the form of written text
between the writer and readers.The writer uses his language, thought, experience, and world view expressed inwords,
while the reader uses his language,
thought, and world view to reconstruct and interpret the writer’s words into idea to arrive at the writer's intended
messages.
In this study the researcher
focuses on The Jakarta Post newspaper as the object of the research that will be specified
on politic articles. The Jakarta Post newspaper
that is published in Indonesia by PT. Bina Media Tenggara on 1982 consists of 24 pages and comprises 11
sections, namely: politics, business, entertainment,
advertisement, sport, world, opinion, city, people, national, and the archipelago
(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post).
This study also laid its
foundation on Grice's view of Cooperative Principle or maxims. However,instead of
utterances of everyday talks, this study has made to analyze the flouting and hedging
of maxims happened on politics articles
found in The Jakarta Postnewspaper.
The object of this study is
chosen because it is an international newspaper from Indonesia that is consists of the actual
news, it means the most up to date news.
The researcher is interested to study how the flouting and hedging of maxims happened in The Jakarta Postnewspaper
that indicates as the newspaper that has
high quality, especially on politics articles. Politics articles are chosen because on politic, other aspects such
aseconomic, social, education, government, etc, are discussed. Through politics, we know
about the condition of the country, it
contains the condition of economic,social, education, government, etc.
This study has relation to the
previous research on the same fields. Hanifa (2001) investigates The Flouting of the
Felicity Conditions and Conversational Maxims
in Oliver Goldsmith's "She Stops and Conquer". Burhanuddin Syaifullah
(2002) investigates The Theory of the
Implicatures of the Caricatures of the Headlines
used in The Jakarta Post. Harianto (2003) investigates Conversational Maxims on the Special Terms Used by Indonesian
Chatters in IRC Malang Cannel, and
Rusdiana (2004) investigates Flouting and Hedging Maxims on Comic Strip "Born Loser" in The
Jakarta Post Newspaper.
Based on the explanation above,
the researcher is interested to investigate the flouting and the hedging on politics
articles found in The Jakarta Post newspaper.
1.2 Problems of the Study According to the background above, the
researcher intendsto answer the following
questions: 1. What kind of maxims which are flouted and
hedged by the writer of politics
articles found in The Jakarta Post? 2.
When the maxims are flouted and hedged by the writer ofpolitics articles
found in The Jakarta Post? 1.3
Objectives of the Study Referring to the
research problems, this study intends: 1. To find what maxims are flouted and hedged by
the writer of politics articles found in
The Jakarta Post.
2. To describe when the maxims flouted and
hedged by the writer of politics articles
found in The Jakarta Post.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar