CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher discusses some
important points related to the area of
the research. Those are background of
the study, research problems, objectives of
the study, scope
and limitation, significances
of the study,
and definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study Language is a wonderfully rich vehicle for
communication. We can use it to
convey wishes and
commands, to tell
truths and lies,
to influence our hearer, to
vent our emotion,
and to formulate
ideas which could probably never
arise if we
had no language
(Moulton in Hawgen
and Bloomfield, 1998:3).
The statement above
clearly describes how
language is really important for society.
There are two kinds of language,
spoken language and written language.
Spoken language
is an utterance
which is formed
from sound, such
as conversation, speech,
storytelling, discussion, radio, television broadcast, and etc.
While, written language
is an utterance
which is formed
in the written form, such as novels, comics, newspapers,
magazines, letters, books, journals, articles,
and so forth.
2 Basically,
the function of
language is to
know and understand
other people’s ideas. Koran, as
the main source of Islamic knowledge also teaches us how to understand other people.
Meaning: O mankind! Lo! We have created you male and female, and have
made you nations
and tribes that
ye may know
one other. Lo! The noblest of
you, in the sight of Allah, is the best in
conduct. Lo! Allah is knower, Aware. (49:13).
Allah has described clearly how
He supposes us to know and understand other
people by communication. Besides, Allah
showshow He creates male and female in different nations and tribes to
know each other. From this verse it can
be understood how
God reveals the
use of language
and the relation between language and society.
The interesting
thing in this
verse is that
actually the verse
does not describe about the language clearly, but it
implicitly describes that God creates human
beings in different nations and tribes. Automatically, different nation has different language.
Language is
a very complex
system which is
composed of various functional components. One of its components
is maxims. Maxims are the rule of
cooperative principle, one of the part of discourse analysis study which is distinguished
into four categories;
maxim of quantity,
maxim of quality, 3 maxim of
relevant, and maxim
of manner. If
these maxims are
used in conversation, it can go on smoothly.
Moreover, speakers
do not always
abide the four
maxims mentioned above. In other words they often flout and/or
hedgethe maxims. Flouting the maxims
means that speakers violate the conversational maxims, while hedging the
maxims means that
the speakers do
not want to
be committed to the
substance of the utterance. Flouting is
often done through figurative language.
Flouting and
hedging maxims may
intentionally or unintentionally be employed in
both spoken and
written language since
they are crucially important in communication. Hedges help
speakers and writers communicate more
precisely the degree of accuracy and truth in assessments. For instance, in “All I know is smoking is harmful to your
health”, all I knowis a hedge that indicates the
degree of the
speaker’s knowledge instead
of only making
a statement, “Smoking is harmful
to your health”.
Considering the
problem above, the
researcher enthusiastically focuses his study on flouting and hedging maxims since
theyare important in making communication
more effective both in spoken and written communication and to
make sentences more
acceptable to the
hearer. Those hedges
are actually used
in scientific discourse,
which is supposed
to be above
all rational and neutral, is
connected with the
fact that scientific discourse obeys
the same mechanisms
as ordinary everyday
communication does, although it
tries to hide this, more or less successfully, by using
a code of its own.
4 The researcher would like to analyze the
“Ratatouille” film by exploring the flouting
and hedging maxims
which are focused
on the conversation among
the main character
of the film.
The researcher is
interested using “Ratatouille”
film as the
object of analysis
because linguistically, the uniqueness of
the utterances of
this film that
contains many flouting
and hedging maxims.
Non-linguistically the speaker
sometimes uses the philosophy
utterances to influence the audience thought, like using metaphor.
This film
brings the audience
become mature in
thinking. Moreover, the present
research has different context and object.
The researcher investigates flouting
and hedging maxims in ratatouille film that contain conversation, the data
is taken from
text script of
the film. Furthermore,
based on the researcher’s experience,
most people usually
pay more attention
to the sentence structure in speech or spoken
language because it will give the direct response
from the hearers.
In written language,
however, the readers
will respond the message if they
understand the main idea of the written text.
This research has same relation
to the previous researchers on the same field. Hanifa
(2001) investigated flouting
of the felicity
conditions of conversational maxims in “Oliver Goldsmith’s
She Stoops the Conquer”. She found that
the flouting of the felicity
conditions covers the
flouting of preparatory rule, the sincerity rule and the
essential rule on the act of stating or giving information,
the act of
requesting or ordering,
questioning, advising and promising.
Morever, Saifullah (2002)
investigated implicatures on the headlines of the
Jakarta Post covering
particularized and generalized
implicature.
5 Generalized
implicature is used
when the information
being conveyed was clear, brief,
in chronological oral
and no context
was required by
reader to understand
the information in
the headlines. In
addition, particularized implicature
was used when
the clarity, bravely,
sufficiency and information did not be given by the journalist to the
reader. The context is required by the reader to
understand the journalist’s
intended messages. Moreover,
he also found that the maxims in the headlines of the
Jakarta Post could be flouted and hedged.
Rusdiana (2004)
investigated flouting and
hedging maxims on
comic strip “Born Loser”, in the
Jakarta Post Newspaper. She found that the maxims are flouted when they are overtly broken by
the speakers in the utterances of comic strip
“Born Loser” such
as producing the
utterances in the
form of rhetorical
strategies, namely: tautology,
metaphor, overstatement, understatement,
rhetorical question and irony.
Related to
this study, the
researcher concludes that
this research has similar
discussion, this thesis and previous studies discuss about the flouting and hedging maxims but the object and the
way in analyzing are absolutely different. This study focused on the kinds of
the flouting and hedging maxims used by
main character of
“Ratatouille” film and
researcher uses Grice’s theory to analyze the data.
Based on
the reasons above,
this research is
conducted because there have
been very few studies in flouting and hedging maxims focused on spoken and
written language. Besides,
the researcher intended
to know how
the 6 flouting
and hedging maxims
are used in
the “Ratatouille” film.
The preceding consideration leads
the researcher to conduct a study on “Flouting and Hedging Maxims in “Ratatouille” film.
1.2 Research Problems Based on the background of the study, the
problems to be solved in this study are:
1.
What maxims are flouted in “Ratatouille” film? 2. What
maxims are hedged in “Ratatouille” film? 3. How
are the maxims flouted “Ratatouille” film? 4. How
are the maxims hedged in “Ratatouille” film? 1.3
Objectives of the Study Related
to the previous problems above, the objectives of this study are: 1. To
investigate the kinds of the maxims are flouted “Ratatouille” film.
2. To investigate the kinds of the maxims hedged
in “Ratatouille” film.
3. To
produce descriptive knowledge
the ways of
the maxims are
flouted “Ratatouille” film.
4. To produce descriptive knowledge the ways of
the maxims are hedged in “Ratatouille”
film 7 1.4 Scope and Limitation This
research is focused
on investigating the
kinds of the maxims
and how the maxims are flouted
and hedged in “Ratatouille” film. This
research uses Grice’s theory of maxims.
The object
of the research
is the utterances
taken from “Ratatouille” film. Thus, the finding of this study is only
from the “Ratatouille” film.The researcher will focus on an utterance of the
six main characters namely; Remy, Linguni, Skinner,
Emile, Django and
Gusteau, which involves
flouting and hedging maxims in text script “Ratatouille”
film. The limited time of doing the research also becomes the weakness of this
study.
1.4 Significances of the Study This
study is significant
to be conducted
due to the
theoretical and practical
functions. Theoretically, this
study is expected
to broaden the theoretical perspective
on flouted and
hedged maxims that
are performed in spoken
and written language that is used in the “Ratatouille” film. Practically, this study might be employed to help the
lecturers to teach their students on flouted
and hedged maxims
course and to
help the other
researchers in conducting similar researches.
8 1.5 Definition of the Key Terms In order to avoid misunderstanding and
misinterpretation about the basic concepts
used in this study, the researcher gives some definitions of the key terms as follows.
1. Flouting maxims is when the speakers violate
or disobey some maxims in producing
the utterance in the form
of rhetorical strategies,
namely tautology, metaphor,
overstatement, understatement,rhetorical question and irony.
2. Hedging
maxim is when
the speakers break
the maxim when
the information is not totally
accurate but seems informative, well founded and relevant.
3. “Ratatouille” is the eighth animated feature
film produced by Pixar. The title refers
to a French dish which is served late in the film, and is also a play
on words on
the species of
the main character. Ratatouille was released
on June 29, 2007 in the United States, to
both critical acclaim and box
office success, and
later won an
Academy Award for
Best Animated Feature, among
other honors.
9 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this
chapter, the researcher presents the discussion about the supporting theories and previous study.
2.1 Discourse Analysis The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the
analysis of language in use (Brown and
Yule, 1983: 1). As such, it cannot be restricted to the description of
linguistic forms are
designed to serve
in human affairs.
Cook (1989: 6) states
that discourse analysis is the search for discourse coherence of language in use for communication. In addition, he says
thatin discourse analysis, it has been fairly
common to distinguish
between two fundamental
types of discourse: reciprocal and non-reciprocal.
Discourseis reciprocal when there is at
least a potential for interaction, when the sender can monitor reception and adjust
to it, or put it
another way, where
the receiver can
influence the development
of what is
being said. While
non-reciprocal is sender
and receiver may have no
opportunity for interaction. The prototype of reciprocal discourse
is face-to-face conversation.
The prototype of
non-reciprocal discourse is a
book of a dead author (1989:60).
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