CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Study Thebiologicaldifferencehas
mademenandwomenhave differentroles in theirsociallife.Themoustachesandthe
Adam'sapple thatmenhave, theuterus andmenstruationthatoccur periodicallyto
womenmadea straightlineof two things;masculineandfeminine,menusuallycloseto
masculinityand women closeto femininity.Thestereotypeof masculineand femininethatoccur
in societydraw a longerlineof perceptioninjob description.Masculinityis defined
as harder,stronger, and theabilitytopersuade others, andfemininityis defined andidenticallyconnectedwithsubmission,obedience,loyalty,pampered,
childish,sympathy, warmness,softness, hospitality, and infirmness(Mulia& Farida,2005:4).
Thedefinitionabovedraw to a clearandstraightperceptionon whatmasculinityandfemininityare.
Thetermmasculineand feminineare
used symmetricallyonlyas a matterof form,as on legalpapers. In
fact,therelationof thetwo sexes is not quietlikethatof two electricalpoles, for
manrepresentsboth thepositiveand theneutral,as is indicatedbythe commonuse of
manto designatehuman beingin general;whereaswomenrepresents onlythe
negative,definedby limitingcriteria,withoutreciprocity(BeauvoirinSelden,
1999:533).
However, electricalpoles willnot
be completedif thereis onlyoneside of pole;positivefor
instance.Thereshould be two differentsideof pole (positive andnegative)to makea
completeelectricalpole.
In anothercondition,peoplealso
differentiatemenandwomenfrom theirlook.Womentendto bebeautifuland mentend tobe
handsome.The word "beauty"comesfromLatin bellus—atthattimewere
onlyused for womenand children—andhandsomecomesfromsingle word hand—partof our body—whichcan
be interpretedas strength(Melliana,2006:11). The conclusionof
theexplanationaboveis thatpeopledefinea manas aperson who especiallyfocused on
theirstrength, theachievementsthattheygetrather thantheirlook, whereas
womendefineas thesoftness, weakness, childish where this bellus is
inappropriateto man.
For
centuries,thesocialconstructionsalsoplaya bigrole indefining andseparatingthe
meaningof menand women.Socialconstructionis stimulantwhich peoplesee, hear,and
get fromthe womentheirself,which thentheyinterpretand definewith theirown
thoughtand give responses on thewayhow thestimulantreact(Melliana,2006:2).
Itcan besaidthatsocial constructionconstructspeople's perceptionwhen
aphenomenonor aproblem occurs insociety.FurthermoreMellianadefines socialconstructionas
acycle whichis alwaysrecurringlike food chain.Whensocialconstructionoccurs it would
befollowed bysocialinternalization,which willbring us to social reproductionandthen
cometo socialreaction.This socialreactionwillbring us back tothe new socialconstructionandso
on.
Againand
again,somecultureswhichregard womenas the second sex appear.Thepatriarchycustomthatis
used bysomesocietiesmakewomen positionput
underman’scontrol.“…patriarchycustommakeswomen—with theirbiologicalfunction—naturallyputunder
man’sfeet.”(Lie,2005:2).The superiorityof manclass toward
womenmakewomenespeciallywives must obeytheir husband, andusuallyhas no rightof
saying‘no’ to whatevertheir husband say.
Relatedto
thesocialconstructionwhichoccurs in societythen,it is correctwhen
someonesaysthatliteratureis animaginativework createdfrom theauthor’s
imagination.However, no matterhow imaginativelyitis, it still containstruth.In
other word, its intrinsicor extrinsicside is a reflectionof a dailylife.“…literatureis
alifedocumenter.There,itwill be the‘witness’ of history…”(Endraswara,
2003:10).It meansthatwhateverhappenedin the storyor literarywork stillhas
arelationwith areallife;therefore,some masterpieceslike Romeo and
JulietbyWilliamShakespeareor Anthonyand Cleopatrahave closerelationbackgroundto
theauthor. Then,we could say thatliteratureis ahistory,story,or news whichis
told inunique ways.
Novel,however,reflectspeopleeverydayexperiencewhich
was pickedup bythewriterinorder to makean interestingstory.Whatare expressed
inliteratureare somefacts of thewholerange of humanexperiences whetherit inthe
pastor present. Thesamewith The Hound ofthe Baskervilles thisnovel was inspired
fromDoyle’sexperienceswhen he stayedin the Devonshire moors,whichincludeda
visitto Dartmoorthe famousprison. At first,it was based mainlyon
localfolkloreaboutan inhospitablemanor,an escapedconvictand ahuge blacksepulchralhound.
Whatthe writer’s saw, feltand thoughtwere pouredin one bowl – what laterso
calleda masterpiece or work of literature– to makea good story.No wonder if we
saw some novelsor moviesor evenpoemsthatreflectequalityof positionsand rights betweenmanand
women,sincethose problemshavebecomeone aspectof lifethatappearsin our
dailylifeone of issues that boomingrecently.
As one of humanimportantaspects,
rightsand positionfor women becomeoneof crucialneedin society.It meansthat when
aperson has alreadyhadtheirright or a positionin thesociety,usuallytheywillbe
feeling likeothers respectedthem.It’s differentwhen someoneis just ignoringus,
and thinkingthatwomenareunableto do somethingthatmencan. This condition occurredalmostin
our dailylifewhere womenlikelyto threatradicallyfor theyare differentin
theirorgan of sex (Melliana,2006:8).
As a human,womenalso have
theirown rights as menhave;right to participatein politics,work outside, or
justroll theirthoughtin public.
Everyonein thisworldwas born
withbrain whicheach of themhas a different wayof
thinking.Theprogressivethinkingof womenmademansometimes afraidof beingloose.
Man is afraidif somedaytheir wifewill leaveor neglect themfor womenhas
moresophisticatedthought.An examinationof women's presentpositionandof
men'sattitudetowards thewomen's movementshows evidenceof fear ateveryturn(Greig,
www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wbillington.htm) Thecharacterof women(Ms.
StapletonandMrs. Lyons)in The Hound of theBaskervilles arefiguring
womenonlyregardedas second sex in dailylife.A
littleillustrationsgivenis when Ms. Stapleton(who actuallyis Mr.
Stapletonwife’s) should obeyallof whather husbandsaid even pretendingbeinghis
sister justto fulfillhis desirein order toreach his goal; whichis to get
theBaskervilles’heredity.In fact,thehusbandtook a first controlof his wife,
whatis to do, say,see, and even,think.Kitchen and bedroomare placeswhere
theycan managebythemselveswithout man’s interference.
However, therewere strugglein
avoidingman’scontrolin theirheart, directlyor indirectly.Theytryto
releasetheirright frommen’scage.Theytry toreleasethemselvesfromthebounding
custom.Theytrytomanagetheir positionin socialaffairto beas equalas
men.Nevertheless, itis stillshown thatwives or womenhaveno role
tocontroltheirown bodyandthought, in otherword, theyaretheirhusband’s doll,and
we allknow that thereis no humanwilllikelythreatenedso.
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