CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Analysis
Language is a means of communication. People use
language to express their mind. People
use language everyday both written and spoken. Kentjono (1983) in Chaer (1994:32) stated that “Bahasa adalah
sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer yang digunakan
oleh para anggota kelompok sosial untuk berkomunikasi, dan mengidentifikasikan diri”. (Language is
arbitrary sound symbol system which is used by society to communicate and identify their
selves). As a means of communication, language
has some characteristics. Chaer (1994:33) mentions there are thirteen characteristics of language. One of them
is “bahasa itu adalah sebuah system” (language is a system). It means that language
is not only about words or utterance but it also has structure.
Chaer (1994:35) also says that
language as a system has characteristics both systematic and systemic. Systematic means that
language is arranged as one pattern; not
disorderly or randomly. While systemic means that language is not a singular system, but it consists of sub-system or
constituent. Each substance in a sub-system is also arranged based on certain arrangement or
pattern which builds one system. If it is not arranged orderly, based on certain
arrangement or pattern, it will make the subsystem be not functional.
Talking about language, we can
not separate it with sentence. When we use language both written and spoken, we must use
sentence. Sentence is a group of words
that express a statement or expression. A sentence is a group of words which is
usually a grammatically complete
statement tied together and conveys an idea, event or description. As said before sentence can be
used as expression. It is an expression in natural language, and it is often defined
to indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal
syntactic relation to the words that precede
or follow it. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement,
question, exclamation, request
or command. There are four different sentences types according to the number of
clauses they contain: simple, compound, complex,
and compound-complex.
Miller (2002:76) says that a
grammatical unit is built up from smaller units.
The smaller units (phrases and
clauses) are linked to each other by various headmodifier relations. In
traditional concept, heads controlling modifiers. Sentence themselves cannot be described as occurring in
any particular slot in a piece of text.
This definition implies that the
sentence has a certain sort of unity, being grammatically complete, and has a degree of
semantic dependence which enables it to stand
on its own independent of context.
In theoretical linguistics
theory, generative grammar refers to a particular approach to the study of syntax. In
linguistics, Syntax (from Ancient Greek syn-,”together”, and tảxis, “arrangement”) is the
study of the principles and rules for constructing
sentences in natural language. Syntax has to do with how words are put together to build phrases, with how phrases
are put together to build clauses or bigger phrases, and with how clauses are put together
to build sentences A generative grammar of a language attempts to
give a set of rules that will correctly predict
which combinations of words will form grammatical sentences. Generative grammars can be described and compared with
the aid of the Chomsky hierarchy proposed
by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative_grammar).
In the framework of transformational-
generative grammar, the structure of a sentence is represented by phrase structure trees, otherwise known as
phrase markers or tree diagram. Tree diagram
provides information about the sentences they represent by showing the hierarchical relations between their component
parts.
The network of relation between
the words of a sentence is called structure.
Farlex
(http://www.Thefreedictionary.com.) defined that sentence structure is the grammatical arrangement of words. The concept
of sentence structure is fundamental to
the study of syntax while the sentence is the fundamental unit of syntax. The concept of structure is essential in
distinguishing between the strings of words that are well-formed expression in the language and
those are not. Specifying the function of constituent is an important part of structural
analysis. It represents the structural relationship
between words in a sentence. It determines the categories of those constituents, and determining their functions.
In a sentence, there are
divisible parts called Constituents. The constituents are arranged in a specifiable way. Each
constituent has a certain specifiable function in the structure of sentence as a whole.
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