CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter
reveals the introduction
of the study
covering background of the study,
problem of the study, objective of the research, significance of the research, scope and
limitation, and definition of the key terms.
The discussions are as follows: 1.1 Background of Study Brown and
Yule (1983: 1)
state that the
analysis of Discourse
is, necessarily, the analysis of
language in use. As such, it cannot be restricted to
the description of
linguistic forms independent
of the purposes
or functions which those forms
are designed to serve human affairs.
As stated in the statement
above, it makes clear that the analysis of language
use cannot be
independent of the
analysis of the
purposes and functions
of language in
human life. As Schifrin (1994)
stated that discourse is assumed
to be interdependent with the social life, such that its analysis
necessarily intersects with
meanings, activities, and
systems outside of itself. Yule (1996)
states that when
the discourse analysis
restricted to linguistic issues, it focuses on the record
(spoken or written) of the process by
which language is used in some context to express intention.
According to
Brown and Yule
(1983: 8), Discourse
analysis is the study
of how human uses language to communicate, and particular, how addresses
work in linguistic
messages to a
receiver (the function).
In addition, Renkema (1993: 1)
says that a discourse analisys is a discipline to the investigation of the relationship
between form and function in verbal communication. The definition of Discourse that Renkema
says, does not only refers to the
text itself, but also to the consumer of discourse, whereas the definition
refers to the function of language. It can be seen that even there is a gradation among those definitions
of discourse analysis, still they have
an intersection that discourse analysis
is the study about language or language use.
Renkema (1993)
also stated that
discourse analysis is
also concerned with
language use in
social contexts, and
in particularly with interaction
or dialogue between speakers. And also, there is a point where discourse
analysis as in
road into understanding
the social becomes
a theory that
is completely detached
from empirical engagement
with the analysis of language use. So, it can be
conducted that discourse analysis is related to
the linguistic behavior
or language in
society that is
usually formed by
a coherence and
cohesive sequence of
sentences, consist of linguistic
units and conveyed either in spoken or written language.
The focus of discourse
analysis as stated by Eamon Fulcher is any form of written or spoken language, such as a
conversation or a newspaper article. The
main topic of interest is the underlying social structures, which may
be assumed or
played out within
the conversation or
text. This research
has been analyzed
about the text,
especially the transcript
of movie of “Memoirs of Geisha”.
Part of
discourse analysis is
implicature, Grice (1975)
definite implicature refers
to implied meaning
in utterance which
can be understood thought not directly expression.
Implicature is used by Grice to account for
what a speaker
can imply, suggest,
or mean a
distinct from what
the speaker says,
implicature is related
to the intepretation
of the hearer
or the reader
to the speaker
or the writer.
It may many
implied meaning that
are in the
utterance. It needs
the observation of
implied meaning to know well what
actually the message delivered.
There are
many uniqueness of
Implicature. As stated
by Grundy (2000: 115-
116) that implicature assumes
that the speaker and the hearer can
access a meaning which is conveyed but do not stated. The availability of implicature
also as a means of conveying
meaning also means that we can let
context to do more of the work for itself, it means we allow context to speak for itself. Then, implicature also is used to test the ground
in the negotiation of meaning.
Studying implicature can be
applied both in spoken and written. In written, for
example is movie
transcript. Movie transcript
is a set of
utterance of
dialogues that are
transcribed into written
text (Oxford University Press: 2000). One
of movie entitles “Memoirs of Geisha” is a great movie. Many people are familiar with “Geisha” recently,
but they do not know what actually
“Geisha” is. Introducing about “Geisha” itself as stated by James Berardinelli
(2010) that Geisha is an artist and entertainer of traditional Japan. She songs, dances, and performs in
front of audiences and very skilled in
social skill, and the special one why the researcher choose it to be an object of the observation is the
utterance that used by a Geisha, especially
the main character of this movie. Remembering that a Geisha is an artist and entertainer of traditional Japan
that the language that used is poetic,
having deep meaning. So, it needs deep analysis to get the real meaning. As Allah says in the sura Abraham
24-25 as follows: “See you not how Allah sets
forth a parable? - A goodly word as a goodly tree, whose root is firmly fixed, and
its branches (reach) to the sky (i.e. very
high).” (24) “Giving its fruit at all times, by the Leave of its Lord and Allah
sets forth parables
for mankind in
order that they
may remember.” (25)
(Al Quran sura Abraham) By using the language that gives deep
meaning, it will be the power to
remember by the hearer as in the sura Abraham above. Allah, in the sura Abraham delivers his speech in parable. It
aimed to make it unforgettable to
remember and also do what the sura said.
A relevant study is done by Yasid
(2006) in this thesis entitled “A Study
on Implicatures Used in Yellow Pages
Advertisement Media”. The theory that
is used is
Grice
s theory. His
research finding is
actually in writing
the slogans, sometimes
advertiser give certain
context by adding the identity of the factory or firm or even
its product or service. Those ar e further classified
into generalized and
particularized implicature. The second
researcher is Rahmawati (2006) in her thesis entitled “Implicature in Danielle Stell
s
Kaleidoscope”, and she also used Grice
s theory.
From her research,
she categorized into
two kinds of
implicature, they are generalized and
particularized. The third
is Fuatilah (2005),
the title is “The
Implicature used in Funny Picture in Internet”, using Grice
s theory.
Her finding researches are all
kind of implicature used in funny picture in internet,
they are generalized
implicature, particular, and
maxim that are broken
by the writer to make humor effect.
Three of them actually do same
research of implicature where the finding
of their finding is classifying their object into type of implicature and also classifying it into generalized and
particularized. All of them also use the
theory of Grice theory.
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